الفهرس 
The level of TNF-? in Egyptian systemic lupus erythematosus patients and its role in atherosclerosis
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Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the significance of serum albumin level, inflammatory cytokines and Doppler parameters as markers of renal nephropathy and atherosclerosis in Egyptian SLE patients; and also to study the effect of increased concentration of auto-antibodies on renal prognosis. Where, it was found that high auto-antibodies production led to nephropathy that in turn led to albumin break down and decreasing its level in serum. from the previous, the study correlated between albumin level and lipids profile level in order to determine the reasons of increased renal arteries resistance and atherosclerosis as a result of secretion of some inflammatory cytokines and their soluble receptors that was induced by dyslipidemia. One hundred and two Egyptian SLE patients and 25 healthy control people were tested for auto-antibodies, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-Ü & IL-6) and their soluble receptors concentration in their serum by using ELISA. Also, the two groups were examined for renal nephropathy by using renal functions tests and resistivity index parameter (RI). Atherosclerosis of vessels was tested by measuring some laboratory parameters and subjecting them to Doppler ultrasonography. Duplex parameters especially RI value increased as the level of auto-antibodies and inflammatory cytokines increased, level of albumin decreased and kidney function declined. The previous parameters correlated with systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI), lipids profile and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The results were as follows: RI was positively correlated with SLEDAI, total cholesterol, triglycerids, and low density lipoprotein, creatinine and amount of protein in urine but negatively with albumin, high density lipoprotein and eGFR