الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
1. Potential use of ozone against Callosobruchus maculatus and Rhyzopertha dominica.
This study used a concentration of 1000ppm of gaseous ozone at different exposure times ranging from ¼ to 2 hrs for C. maculatus and from 3 to 8 hrs for R. dominica.
The results obtained are summarized below:
The results revealed that the percentage mortality for tested insects exposed to ozone gas increased with the increaseof exposure time for all immature stages of the two tested insects (eggs – larvae – pupae-adults).
After one day of post-treatment, the lowest mortality, 23.1%, was recorded for the shortest exposure period (1/4 hr.) in the case of C. maculatus. In contrast,the lowest mortality for R. dominicawas8.6% for the exposure period of 3 hs.
Lethal time of 1000 ppm ozone gas to C.maculatus and R.dominica adults at various exposure periods:
The results showed a greater diversity in response to two tested insects.The obtained results showed that the adults of C. maculatus were more susceptible to ozone than R. dominica adults. Theresults of R.dominica also showed that the LT50 was approximately 7.8, 10 and 14 times higher than LT50 for C.maculatus. For R.dominica LT95 marked 2.3,3 and 7 times higher than LT95 for C.maculatus.Therefore C.maculatusadults are more sensitive to ozone treatment than R.dominicaadults.
Latent effects of ozone on some biological aspects of survived individuals:
The reduction rate in F1 progenyis directly proportional to an increase in the exposure time. The obtained results revealed that all immature stages of R.dominica were highly susceptible (highest reduction in progeny) than C.maculatusstages which were the least susceptible at all tested exposure times.
In conclusion, the tolerance to ozone treatment of the tested immature stages of the two species waseggs > pupae > larvae.
Reduction ratios of adult emergency of Callosobruchus maculates and Rhyzopertha dominica after exposed immature stages to 1000 ppm ozone gas for 4 and8 hrs. of exposure time at different depths ( top, middle and bottom):The immature stages of the two tested insects were exposed to ozone at different depths: on the top of the grains, the middle, and at the bottom of the cylinder(inside the fumigation cylinder filled with wheat or beans). The reduction ratio in F1 offsprings resulting from immatures that were previously exposed to ozone was the highest when the immatures were placed at the top of the cylinder. In contrast, the treatments at the bottom of the cylinder gave the lowest reduction ratio of the resulting offspring.
The biological results also showed that the egg stage of both insects is the most tolerant to ozone gas compared to the other insect stages. The order was eggs> pupae> larvae.
Effect of ozone gas on total proteinand oxidative isozymes Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of samples of C.maculatus and R.dominica adults after exposure to ozone gas:
The SDS protein patterns of adults revealed different numbers of protein bands according to their molecular weights, and they were separated into 19 bands. As compared with control, treatment with ozone gas caused appearance 16 abnormal bands in case of Callosobruchus maculates But in treated adults Rhyzopertha dominica with ozone gas caused appearance 9 abnormal bands . The alternation in the SDS electrophoretic patternsdue to ozone gas in C.maculatus adults was more evident than that resulting from R.dominica adults after ozonation.
Results indicated that treatments with the ozone gas caused identical electrophoretic alterations in the PPO pattern compared to the control group. They caused the disappearance of the secondtype of the PPO enzymes. There was one common band (r1) with Rf 0.148.Treatments with the ozone gas caused no change in peroxidase patterncompared to the control.
Effect of ozone gas on the physicochemical and technological properties of grains used:
-Physical analysis:
Color properties of wheat kernel slightly affected by ozonation, but faba beans color had a considerable effect .
Ozonation had non significant difference at (p≤0.05) on the physical properties of wheat kernel i.e. cleanliness, hectolitre (kg/hl), 1000 kernel weight, length and width.
-Chemical analysis:
Chemical composition parameters were moisture,protein,ash,oil,crude fibre and CHO.
Ozonation had no significant effect on the chemicalcomposition of treated Egyptian wheat grains and fababeans compared to the control group.
Gluten content of wheat flour dough
Gluten (%) of flour dough was higherin the ozone treated samples(32 %) compared to that of the control samples (29.3 %).
Effect of ozone gas on baking quality of bread:
Analysis of chemical composition showed significant differences (p≤0.05) between moisture content. Balady bread made from ozone – treated wheat recorded the highest value of protein 12.78 followed by control wheat 12.56. No significant differences were noticed in ash, oil and crude fiber value between control and treated wheat in balady bread produced.balady bread prepared from control had higher total carbohydrate (75.84) followed by treated (71.75).
Sensory evaluation of balady bread prepared from wheat flour samples:
Balady bread prepared from wheat flour are present the results exhibited slight variation among balady bread prepared from treated and non treated wheat by ozone gas for their sensory attributes. Sensory evaluations of balady bread parameter were: general appearance, separation of layers, roundness, crumb distribution, crust color, taste and odour.
Analytical methods of faba beans for technological ananlysis:
Physical ananlysis:
There wasno significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) in 100 seeds weight (g), 100 seeds volume (ml), Density, Seed coat content (%) and Seed cotyledons content (%) compared to the control.
Cooking quality, T.S.S and germination ratio:
Cookabiliy and T.S.S of faba bean had no significant difference (p≤0.05) between treated samples in Hydration coefficient of cooked bean (stewed whole beans under specified condition, cooking percent or T.S.S) compared to untreated samples. While the average cooking%was recorded 89.0% for ozonated faba bean compared to 86.0% in the control group.Concerning to T.S.S, no significant difference were observed between the two samples after cooking which ranged from 11.26 % to 11.39 %, for ozone and control group, respectively.
II-Evaluation of the insecticidal efficiency of Lambda cyhalothrin insecticide to some tested materials on R. dominica and C. maculatus:
Several different surface materials were used for this test, which were: galvanized steel, ceramics, plywood, cement, polyethylene, damur, braided polyethylene, jute, and foil.
These surfaces were chosen due to the use of some of them as floors or walls for barns and warehouses, and some of them were used as containers for storing crops or foodstuffs.
The results of this part were divided into two parts:
1- The tested surfaces of all types were treated after spraying them externally only with the insecticide solution in the tested concentrations, then exposing the insects to the treated surface (after drying) for 24 hours and determining the corrected death rates at each concentration (initial time).
2- The treated surfaces were stored under laboratory conditions for 12 months. On the other hand, we investigated the persistence of the lambada insecticideon the treated surfaces (where double Lc95 (2X Lc95)) under natural environmental conditions inside the Nile Kfour Barn in Fayoum for 4 months.
The results of this part were divided into two parts:
1- For the cowpea beetle C.maculatus:
The experiments were conducted on some surfaces used for walls and floors of warehouses, which are galvanized steel, ceramics, wood chips, as well as cement.The results showed that the highest concentration used (15.7 g/m2) gave mortality percentage was 96.5% for the ceramic surface, while the lowest mortality percentage was for the cement surface was 81.5%.
For packaging materials, the highest mortality percentagewas (96.5%) for the foil surface, while the jute surface gave the lowest mortality percentageof 80.5%.
2- For the Lesser grain borer ,R.dominica:
The results showed that the highest death rate recorded by galvanized steel and ceramic surfaces was 95%, while the lowest death rate was for wood chips surfaces was88.5%.
For packaging and containers materials, the highest mortality percentage was 98.5% for the polyethylene and foil surfaces, while the jute surface gave the lowest mortality percentageof 82.5%.
The sublethal doses Lc50 - Lc95 were estimated for both insects on the different surface materials.For cowpea beetle, the materials used for walls and floors, the chi-square was high for the plywood surface17.34, while it was very low on the cement surface 6.22 .For packaging materials, the chi-square for bags ranged from1.43 to10.699 and these values werefor the polyethylene and jute, respectively..
For Lesser grain borer, the values of chi-square ranged between 7.56 and 6.88 for the surfaces of galvanized steel and ceramic, while for packaging materials the chi-square ranged between 6.84 and 0.75 for foil and braided polyethylene, respectively.
In the last part of this experiment, the results of the duration of the pesticide’s pesistenceon the different surfaces gave a significant impacton insect mortality on both different surfaces and different periods of storage.This resulted in different mortality percentages per month up to 12 months, where a complete decline occurred for all tested surfaces.
The results showed that the effective duration of the persistence of insecticide (to give 100% insect mortality for each month) ranged from two to seven months, depending on the type of surface, except for the cement surface, where the pesticide deteriorated after one month of treatment.
Finally, the different fabrics were placed under the environmental conditions inside theof Kofour El- Nail barn(shouna) in Fayoum governorate, and the insecticide was effective until the end of the fourth month of the experiment.