الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study aimed to monitoring the residue level of some selected Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), Pyrethroids and Polychlorinated biphenyls compounds (PCBs). The work included analysis of heavy metals in milk samples collected from different market and Factories in Menoufia Governorate. The residue level of these pesticides in raw milk and dairy products samples were analyzed using Gas chromatography -Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) system.
1) Level of Organochlorine pesticide residues (mg/kg) and health risk assessment in raw milk and some milk products.
Level of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues showed that the levels of (Endrin aldehyde and Endosulfan 11) were 0.003±0.003 and 0.004±0.004 mg/kg in raw milk samples, respectively. The highest (OCPs)accumulation levels for the average values of Endrin was higher than that of the permissible maximum limit of (0.0008 mg/kg) in the tested milk samples were 0.003±0.003 and 0.068±0.068 mg/kg from factory A and B, respectively. Aldrin was found in milk samples collected from factory B and C recorded the same value 0.01±.01 mg/kg, while in factory A was 0.005±0.005 mg/kg.
On the other hand, the average values of Endosulfan sulfate were higher than that of MRLs value (0.01 mg/kg) in the tested milk samples in factory the (C) was 0.075±0.075 mg/kg while, not detected in factory A and B. he highest value of pp-DDD found in the factory A was 0.13±0.13 mg/kg while, factory B and C in the limit of EU MRLs 2014 (0.04 mg/kg). The average value of Heptachlor epoxide was higher than MRLs value (0.004 mg/kg) in the tested milk samples in the factory (C) was 0.018±0.18 mg/kg while, not detected in factory A and B.
2) Levels of organochlorine pesticide residues (mg/kg) in vita cheeses pouched from three Factory (A, B and C).
The result recorded was obvious α – HCH, γ – HCH, δ- HCH, Heptachlor, Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Endosulfan 11, Endrin Aldehyde and Endosulfan sulfate not detected in vita cheese in the three tested factories. On the other hand, the mean value of aldrin was ranged 0.009±0.007 and 0.013±0.013 mg/ kg in the sample of vita cheese in factories B and C, respectively compared with the permissible maximum limit of EU MRLs., (2014) was 0.006 mg/kg. Endrin recorded higher mean concentration value was of 0.025±0.022mg/ kg in vita cheese in factory B comparison with the permissible maximum limit of EU MRLs., (2014) was 0.0008 mg/kg, while not detected in the other two factories A and C. Data showed that the mean values of pp-DDD in the examined vita cheese sample were 0.05±0.005, 0.003±0.003 and 0.002±0.002 mg/kg in the examined factories A, B and C, respectively. The recorded result revealed that the vita cheese samples from the factory A had the highest concentration level of pp-DDD comparison with the permissible maximum limit of EU MRLs., (2014) was 0.04 mg/kg. Residue concentration of pp-DDT in the examined vita cheese samples were (0.02±0.02 and 0.05±0.05 mg/kg) in factories A and B and not detected in C. Also, the results showed that the highest mean residue concentration level of Methoxychlor was 2.55±1.87 mg/kg in comparison with the permissible maximum limit of EU MRLs., (2014) was 0.004 mg/kg.
Data obtained that the THQ ratio of all examined vita cheese sample has been recognized of OCPs contaminated food and this contents of OCPs in cheese products were below the threshold values of standards, it cannot conclud that there was no risk for human health..
3) Levels of organochlorine pesticide residues (mg/kg) in Astamboly cheeses pouched from three Factory (A, B and C).
Organochlorine pesticide residues through consumption of astamboly cheese of the three selective factories in Menoufia governorate results summarized that it was evident pesticide residues of α – HCH, γ – HCH, Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide, Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Endosulfan 11, Endrin Aldehyde pesticide not detected in astamboly cheese of the three tested factories, the mean value of δ- HCH was ranged 0.015±0.015 mg/kg in the sample of astamboly cheese in factory A, comparison with the permissible maximum limit of EU MRLs., (2014) was 0.01 mg/kg, while not detected in the other two factories B and C. Aldrin was the main pesticide residue which was detected in cheese samples with the same value of 0.005±0.005 mg/kg in factories A and C and this level was lower than the EU MRLs., (2014). The greatest level of pp-DDE residue was recorded in the factory B with a mean concentration was 0.075±0.008 mg/kg in astamboly cheese samples in comparison with the maximum residue limits 0.04 mg/kg of EU MRLs., (2014). Endrin concentration value was 0.003±0.003 mg/kg in astamboly cheese sample was recorded only in factory B. The result showed that the mean value of Endosulfan sulfate was detected only in factory B was 0.08±0.08 mg/kg. The highest organochlorine pesticide accumulation levels for the average values of Methoxychlor was higher than that of the permissible maximum limit of (0.004 mg/kg) in cheese samples were 1.525±1.525, 0.32±0.32 and 0.615±0.615 mg/kg from factory A, B and C, respectively. On the other hand, the THQ ratio of all examined astamboly cheese sample has been recognized of OCPs contaminated food were below the threshold values of standards, it cannot be concluded that there was no risk for human health.
4) Levels of organochlorine pesticide residues (mg/kg) in olive cheeses pouched from three Factory (A, B and C).
Data showed that the levels of, γ – HCH, δ- HCH, Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide, Endosulfan, Dieldrin, Endosulfan 11, Endrin and Endrin Aldehyde not detected in olive cheese in the three tested factories. Data analyzed of olive cheese samples in the factory (A) contained α – HCH, pp-DDE, Endosulfan sulfate and pp-DDT were 0.008±0.008, 0.018±0.012, 0.128±0.128 and 0.025±0.025 mg/kg. respectively While in the factory (B) results showed that the tested olive cheese sample contained only aldrin, pp-DDE, and Methoxychlor were 0.01±0.01, 0.008±0.005 and 0.973±0.661mg/kg, respectively. only two pesticide were detected in the factory (C), the analyzed of olive cheese samples contained aldrin and Methoxychlor were 0.01±0.01 and 0.47±0.47mg/kg respectively.
5) Level of Pyrethroids pesticide residues (mg/kg) and health risk assessment in raw milk and some milk products.
Data showed that the Level of Pyrethroid pesticide residues not detected in all raw milk samples except Fenpropathrin was recorded with 0.025±0.012 mg/kg. the same pesticide was found in tested milk samples from factory A and B were 0.14±0.062 and 0.163±0.163 mg/kg, respectively. Permithrin concentration residue detected only in the examined milk samples from factory B was (0.145±0.145 mg/kg) and not detected in the other two factories A and C. on the other hand, all tested Pyrethroids pesticide residues not detected in milk samples collected from factory C.
6) Level of Pyrethroids pesticide residues (mg/kg) and health risk assessment in the consumption of vita cheeses pouched from three Factory (A, B and C).
The levels of Lambada-cyhalothrin Cypermithrin, Es-fenvelerate and Deltamethrin not detected in vita cheese in the three tested factories. Meothrin concentration value was 0.065±0.065 mg/kg in vita cheese sample was recorded only in factory A. On the other hand, Fenpropathrin the highest Pyrethroids pesticide accumulation levels in vita cheese in the three factory A, B and C were 1.853±1.080, 0.815±0.430 and 0.435±0.271 mg/kg, respectively. Permithrin exceeded the acceptable limit 1.595±1.204 and 0.083±0.083 mg/kg in relation to the European Union (EU) MRLs., (2014) was 0.004 mg/kg, while, not detected in the factory C.
7) Level of Pyrethroids pesticide residues (mg/kg) and health risk assessment in the consumption of Astamboly cheeses pouched from three Factory (A, B and C).
The result recorded that it was obvious Lambada-cyhalothrin Cypermithrin, Es-fenvelerate and Deltamethrin pesticide not detected in astamboly cheese of the three tested factories. The Meothrin mean value was 0.043±0.0425 mg/kg in the sample of astamboly cheese in the factory B, in comparison with the permissible maximum limit of EU MRLs., (2014) was 0.01 mg/kg, while not detected in the other two factories A and C.The greatest level of Fenpropathrin residue were recorded in factory A and B with mean concentration were 1.135±0.655 and 2.003±1.450 mg/kg in astamboly cheese samples compared with the maximum residue limits 0.01 mg/kg of EU MRLs., (2014), Also, Permithrin recorded the highest mean residue concentration levels in the three astamboly cheese samples in factories A, B and C were 1.40±0.809, 0.173±0.075 and 0.21±0.809 mg/kg , respectively compared with the permissible maximum limit of EU MRLs., (2014) was 0.004 mg/kg.
8) Level of Pyrethroids pesticide residues (mg/kg) and health risk assessment in the consumption of olive cheeses pouched from three Factory (A, B and C).
Pyrethroid pesticide residues through consumption of olive cheese of three selective factories in Menoufia governorate results summarized that it was evident pesticide residues of Meothrin, Lambada-cyhalothrin Cypermithrin, Es-fenvelerate and Deltamethrin not detected in olive cheese in the three tested factories. Data analyzed of olive cheese samples in the factory (A and C) contained Fenpropathrin and Permithrin were 1.948±1.127 and 3.033±1.919mg/kg for factory A, while they recorded 3.033±1.919 and 0.028±0.028 mg/kg in olive cheese samples in the factory C. only Fenpropathrin was recorded in olive cheese sample in the factory (B) was 0.37±0.132 mg/kg.
9) PCBs residues (mg/kg) assessment in raw milk and some milk products during the period of January till December 2018 in Menoufia governorate.
The incidence of PCBs, and the dispersion interval of the samples. The values are given in mg.kg-1. from the fresh and raw samples of milk analyzed, a residue of PCB 31 was not detected in all samples, whereas PCBs 18,52,70,99,101,105,128,138 and 140 were detected in all samples. The examination of whole milk samples showed a higher average concentration of PCB52 when compared to PCB 140. The higher mean value of PCB 18 was 0.735±0.660 mg/kg in factory A when compared to samples of raw milk 0.42±0.147 mg/kg, factory B 0.253±0.16mg/kg, and C, respectively. focusing on our result from the examined milk sample we observed that PCB 70 detected only in factory A and C with trace amount (0.005±0.005 and0.01±0.01), respectively. PCBs 99 was detected only in fresh milk samples and not detected in factories A, B and C (Table 9). PCBs 128 and 101 were found only in samples collected from factory C and not detected in the other examined samples. Regarding the results we conclude that most PCBs compounds detected in factory C when compared to the other tested samples.
10) PCBs residues (mg/kg) assessment in vita, Astamboly and Olive cheeses products during the period of January till December 2018 in Menoufia governorate.
PCBs residues through consumption of Vita cheese of three selective factories in Menoufia governorate results summarized that it was evident pesticide residues of 31,70,128 and 140 not detected in Vita cheese of the three tested factories. PCBs 138 Were detected in the three tasted factories and the high level of PCBs 138 was detected with factories A and B (5.203±3.035 and 1.335±1.355 mg/kg) in Vita cheese samples comparison with factory C was 0.123±0.123 mg/kg. Mean PCBs levels in vita cheese are shown in both PCBs 18 and 99 were detected in the three tested factories, data indicated that both PCBs 18 and 99 recorded high mean concentration in factory A were 0.293±0.1662 and0.563±0.453 mg/kg respectively comparison to the other two factories B and C. the mean value of PCB 52 was ranged 1.665±0.706 mg/kg in the sample of Vita cheese in factory B, while not detected in the other two factories A and C while PCBs 101 detected only in factory A with trace amount 0.008±0.008 in cheese samples and not detected in factories B and C. Residue concentration of PCBs 105 in the examined vita cheese samples were (0.348±0.243 and 0.433±0.269 mg/kg) in factories B and C and not detected in factory A.
It was clear compound residues of 31,70 and 128 not detected in Astamboly cheese of the three tested factories, while PCBs 18,52 and 99 were detected in the three tasted factories A, B and C. PCBs 101, 138 and 140 detected only in factory B with trace amount 0.003±0.003, 0.335±0.335 and 0.013±0.013 mg/kg in Astamboly cheese samples and not detected in factories A and C respectively.
Data showed that the levels of, PCBs 99,101 and 140 weren’t detected in olive cheese in the three tested factories. Data analyzed of olive cheese samples in factory (A) contained PCBs 18,52,70,105,128 and 138 were 1.168±0.793, 0.658±0.658, 0.013±0.013, 0.138±0.0837 and 0.185±0.185 mg/kg. respectively. Both factory B and C result showed that the tested olive cheese samples contained PCBs 18, 52 99 and 105 while PCBs 31,70,101,128,138 and 140 not detected respectively
11) Heavy metal residues (mg/kg) and health risk assessment in raw milk and some milk products during the period of January till December 2018 in Menoufia Governorate.
The concentration levels of the essential metals (Copper Cu, Manganese Mn, Nickel Ni, chrome Cr, and Zinc Zn) and the toxic metals (Cadmium, Cd and Lead, Pb) were measured in raw fresh milk and some milk products during the same period of year 2018 in Menoufia governorate, Egypt. The results obtained the values of trace elements in raw milk samples collected from different areas of the same seasons. Even milk products have an influence on the values of heavy metals pollution. Raw milk detected higher levels in the samples of (Mn, Ni, Cr, Cu and Zn) were 0.133±0.427, 0.06±0.0141, 0.097±0.0184, 0.37±0.0332 and 0.185±0.025mg/kg, respectively and the toxic metals (Cd and Pb) values were 0.04±0.04 and 0.325±0.0974 mg/kg while no significant differences were observed in the samples of milk products which purchased from local supermarkets belonged to three factory A, B and C. The highest trace metals accumulation levels for Mn are found in milk samples collected from factory A, B and C 0.07±0.0349, 0.118±0.036 and 0.093±0.0287 mg/kg, respectively were higher than that of the permissible maximum limit of (0.025 mg/kg). Also, samples from factory A, B and C had high levels in Cu which ranged 0.205±0.061, 0.205±0.083 and 0.165±0.063 in the milk samples compared with the permissible maximum limit of IDF MRLs., (1979) was 0.1 mg/kg.
12) Estimated daily intake, THQ for daily intake of heavy metal residues (mg/kg) through consumption of vita cheese in Menoufia Governorate.
Results recorded that the levels of Cd weren’t detected in vita cheese in the three tested factories. the greatest level of Mn residue was recorded in factories A, B and C with mean concentration were 0.359±0.034, 0.213±0.061 and 0.14±0.04 mg/kg in vita cheese samples compared with the maximum residue limits 0.025 mg/kg of IDF MRLs., (1977), Also the mean value of CU was ranged 0.443±0.636, 0.533±0.087 and 0.403±0.019 mg/kg in the sample of vita cheese in factories A, B and C, comparison with the maximum residue limits 0.1 mg/kg of IDF MRLs., (1979). Also, the results showed that PB recorded the highest mean residue concentration level of PB were 1.395±0.147, 1.398±0.091 and 0.848±0.082 mg/kg comparison with the permissible maximum limit of IDF MRLs., (1979). was 0.05 mg/kg, on the other hand, the mean value of NI in the examined vita cheese sample were 0.125±0.059, 0.255±0.112 and 0.068±0.018 mg/kg in the examined factories A, B and C, respectively. And residue concentration of CR was ranged 0.143±0.010, 0.258±0.161 and 0.143±0.022 mg/kg in the sample 13) Estimated daily intake, THQ for daily intake of heavy metal residues (mg/kg) through consumption of Astamboly cheese in Menoufia Governorate.
Data showed that the levels of, CD weren’t detected in astamboly cheese in the three tested factories.NI was the main toxic metal residue that was detected in cheese samples with these values of 0.1±0.041, 0.093±0.063 and 0.148±0.058 mg/kg in factories A, B and C and these levels were lower than the IDF MRLs., (1977). Data analyzed of astamboly cheese samples in the factory (A) contained a high level of Mn, Cr, Pb, Cu and Zn were 0.473±0.108, 4.673±2.672, 2.623±1.124, 0.9±0.188 and 5.748±0.795 mg/kg, respectively which exceeded the maximum allowable concentration. While in the factory (B) result showed that the tested astamboly cheese sample contained only Mn, Pb, Cu and Zn were 0.22±0.080, 1.048±0.053, 0.973±0.353 and 3.993±0.545 mg/kg respectively, and these levels were more than the International Dairy Federation Standard, a 1977 and b 1979, Also four heavy metals were detected in the factory (C), the analyzed of astamboly cheese samples contained Mn, Pb, Cu and Zn were 0.208±0.083, 0.943±0.136, 0.56±0.044 and 4.213±0.686 respectively. The Target Hazard Quotients (THQ) values were below 1 suggesting that milk consumers are not at a non-carcinogenic risk 14) Estimated daily intake, THQ for daily intake of heavy metal residues (mg/kg) through consumption of olive cheese in Menoufia Governorate.
It was evident toxic metal residues of NI weren’t detected in olive cheese in the three tested factories. the average values of MN were higher than that of MRLs value (0.025 mg/kg) in the tested cheese samples in factories A, B and C were 0.383±0.020, 0.215±0.051 and 0.528±0.258 mg/kg
The CR mean value was 0.938±0.795 mg/kg in the sample of olive cheese in factory B, comparison with the permissible maximum limit of the IDF MRLs., (1977) was 0.3 mg/kg, while did not exceed the maximum allowable concentration in the other two factories A and C.
The greatest level of PB residue was recorded in factory A,B and C with mean concentration were 1.35±0.160, 0.91±0.078 and 1.088±0.142 mg/kg in olive cheese samples compared with the maximum residue limits 0.05 mg/kg of the IDF MRLs., (1979)., Also, CU recorded the highest mean residue concentration levels in the three olive cheese samples from factories A, B and C were 0.563±0.036, 0.768±0.380 and 0.753±0.103 mg/kg comparison with the permissible maximum limit of the IDF MRLs., (1979) was 0.1 mg/kg. the highest heavy metals accumulation levels for the average values of ZN was higher than that of the permissible maximum limit of (3.28 mg/kg) in cheese samples were 5.7±0.031, 4±0.668 and 5.295±1.598 mg/kg from factory A, B and C respectively.