الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical, nursing care, ongoing
patient self-management education, and support to prevent acute complications and to reduce
the risk of chronic complications
The prevalence of diabetes in 2019 was estimated to be 9.3% (463 million people),
rising to 10.2% (578 million) by 2030 and 10.9% (700 million) by 2045 worldwide. In this
context, diabetes is a rapidly expanding health problem in Egypt, with a significant influence
on morbidity, mortality, and health care resources. in Egypt, type 2 diabetes affects around
15.6% of all persons aged 20 to 79.
Moreover, diabetes is an increasingly common metabolic disease with a large
worldwide disease burden that, if not adequately controlled, can be life-threatening and cause
short-term and long-term complications that can affect every system of the body. Long-term
complications include; macro vascular complications as peripheral vascular diseases,
decreased foot perfusion, and microvascular complications such as peripheral pain.
Significant evidence exists that supports a range of new modalities in nursing interventions to
improve diabetes outcomes such as, Buerger Allen exercise which is a safe, simple, effective,
and costless intervention that improves the lower extremity perfusion
Furthermore, Reflexology is a complex complementary alternative therapy used
globally for symptom management and for increasing well-being which can improve blood
flow and oxygenation to feet and reduce pain, it also had positive effects on the human mental
status as decreased anxiety.
Nurses are considered a key element in educating diabetic patients regarding Burger
Allen Exercise, and reflexology massage that becomes popular in nursing practice. Many
authors emphasized that Burger Allen Exercise and reflexology are considered the keystone
for improving the lower extremity perfusion, and decreasing pain among diabetic patients.
This raises the urge for investigating the effects of Burger Allen Exercise & reflexology on
perfusion of lower extremity and pain among diabetic patients. Therefore, this study was
conducted to determine the effects of Burger Allen Exercise& reflexology on perfusion of
lower extremity and pain among diabetic patients.
Aim of the study
The current study aimed to determine the effect of Buerger Allen exercise versus
Reflexology on lower extremity perfusion and pain among patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Research hypotheses - Diabetic patients who perform Buerger Allen exercise improved lower extremity
perfusion and experience less pain
- Diabetic patients who perform reflexology improved lower extremity perfusion and
experience less pain
- Diabetic patients who perform Buerger Allen exercise improved lower extremity
perfusion and experience less pain than those who perform reflexology
- Diabetic patients who perform reflexology improved lower extremity perfusion and
experience less pain than those who perform Buerger Allen exercise.