الفهرس 
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Abstract
In the 1990s, a case was made for pharmaceutical care as a pharmacy’s objective. Pharmacists today have the skills and expertise necessary to improve drug therapy results, thanks to the development of pharmacy as a clinical discipline. It also placed the burden of evidence on them in terms of the consequences. Pharmaceutical care professionals are concerned not only with providing services, but also with the influence of their treatment on the quality of life of their patients. They work together as partners with other health-care providers to ensure that treatment goals are met and that drug-related illness is prevented or recognized and treated as soon as possible. Pharmacists’ talents and knowledge have developed to the extent where they must take responsibility for the outcomes of medication therapy.
PC plays an important role in medication therapy; PC facilitates the treatment, promotes the quality of outcomes and reduces patients’ and societies’ expenses.
Studies propose that, although the collaboration of all health professionals is necessary to provide productive health services, pharmacists are in the best situation to take the responsibility of achieving PC. considering these realities.
Due to drug-related issues, some patients may not obtain the expected positive outcomes from their therapy, which entail needless suffering and high societal expenses. Pharmacy professionals have a critical role to play in addressing these issues, but they need more information regarding the expected consequences of their interventions.
Aims of the study
The a of this research was to find out how community pharmacists in Alexandria felt about the idea of pharmaceutical care, the frequency with which it was implemented, and the obstacles to its implementation.
Main outcome measures included:
1. Understanding of pharmaceutical care. The mean score was 76.57±11.0
2. Perceived frequency of pharmaceutical care activities. The mean score was 59.57±9.4
3. Attitude towards pharmaceutical care. The mean score was 76.96±10.7
4. Barriers to implementation of pharmaceutical care. The mean score was 58.79±10.3
Materials and Methods:
a- Settings:
Community pharmacies in Alexandria, Egypt.
b- Study Design:
Our study is a cross‐sectional survey which was performed on 440 pharmacists from different Community pharmacies in Alexandria.
c- Pilot study:
A total of 15 pharmacists from community pharmacies were asked to complete the questionnaire.
In the pre-tested questionnaire, pharmacists were asked to give comments on the questionnaire’s style, relevance, and the sequencing of specific questions throughout parts.
d- Sample size Calculation:
A Sample size of 440 pharmacists was performed using NCSS 2004/ PASS 2000 software. A response rate of 84.6% (440⁄520) was achieved.
e- Data collection
A self‐completion questionnaire was be administered to community pharmacists, based on the pharmaceutical care model of Hepler & Strand, 1990.
The questionnaire consisted of five sections:
5. Pharmacists’ demographic characteristics
6. Pharmacists’ understanding of pharmaceutical care
7. Frequency of community pharmacy services provision
8. Pharmacists’ attitudes to pharmaceutical care
9. Perceived barriers to the provision of pharmaceutical care
Sections were evaluated through the use of a 5‐point Likert scale.
f- Sampling
Stratified random sampling with proportionate allocation was used.
The survey will be conducted in the eight districts of Alexandria
g- Statistical analysis
• Female pharmacists for all items showed higher overall rating of pharmaceutical care.
• Pharmacists working in pharmacy chains for all items showed higher overall rating of pharmaceutical care than those working in independent pharmacies.
• Age group <35 yrs. shows lower Age group <35 yrs. showed lower overall rating of pharmaceutical care than age groups 35-50 yrs. and >51 yrs.
• For Working years in a pharmacy 11-20 yrs. group, and >20 yrs. group showed higher overall rating of pharmaceutical care than <11 yrs. group
• master degree group shows higher overall rating of pharmaceutical care than those Bachelor degree group and Diploma degree group.
• Over- crowded group (Montaza, sharq, wasat) showed higher overall rating of pharmaceutical care than the other two groups Crowded group and Less crowded group (Amrya, Borg-alarab).
• Multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine the elements that influence pharmacists’ perception of pharmaceutical care, pharmacists’ views toward pharmaceutical care, perceived frequency of pharmaceutical care providing, there were mainly two significant factors:
1- Over- crowded districts ( Montaza, sharq, wasat)
2- Age group 35-50 yrs.
• To detect possible barriers to the administration of pharmaceutical care, factor analysis was used. Three factors impacted the execution of pharmaceutical care in the studied pharmacies, according to factor analysis:
1- Lack of external conditions, time and communication skills accounts for 43.69% of total variance.
2- Lack of support from other health professionals accounts for 18.36% of total variance.
3- Lack of information about drug-use and economic incentive accounts for 11.72% of total variance.
The most important findings of our study:
Barriers to the provision of pharmaceutical care are:
• Lack of external conditions for developing or providing pharmaceutical care:
Focusing on sales of pharmacy more than safety of patients and mistakes do not lead to positive changes in this pharmacy.
• Lack of time and communication skills:
Minimal participation in pharmaceutical care reflects a lack of respect for the time needed to offer pharmaceutical care.
• Lack of communication and Support from other health professionals:
This represents a significant problem in pharmacy practice, the disconnection between physicians and pharmacists.
• Lack of information and economic incentive:
The most significant obstacle to implementing pharmaceutical care was a lack of financial compensation.
The requirement for pharmaceutical care training was by far the most commonly mentioned obstacle to pharmaceutical care.