الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In clinical practice, the most common cardiac arrhythmia is AF, which is also the commonest persistent supraventricular arrhythmia, as well as one of the main triggers of stroke and the commonest arrhythmia necessitating hospital admission. AF is caused by the rapid firing of electrical impulses in the atria at a rate of 300–600 beats per minute, combined with unpredictable impulse conduction across the atrioventricular node to the ventricles, resulting in a rapid chaotic rhythm known as irregularly irregular atrial fibrillation.
As muscular sleeves run from the LA to proximal PVs, and these sleeves include rapidly firing ectopic foci, Jais p discovered that PVs are the principal source of triggering AF about 22 years ago.
After that catheter ablation was used in the treatment of atrial fibrillation, with good results versus medical treatment. In special situations, such as symptomatic conversion pauses or tachy-brady syndrome, catheter ablation is increasingly acknowledged as first-line treatment. In athletes with AF, antiarrhythmic medicines may alter heart function, affecting athletic performance, whereas AF ablation demonstrates effective benefits.