الفهرس 
Acknowledgementsيوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is a minimally invasive technique used to restore sinus ventilation and function in patients with recurrent acute or chronic infective sinusitis in whom medical therapy has failed. Continued bleeding into the surgical field during FESS not only impairs endoscopic vision but can lead to complications.Controlled hypotension is commonly used to decrease intraoperative blood loss and avoid transfusions and is essential for endoscopic sinus surgery under general anesthesia to provide better surgical field condition and decreased important complications such as severe bleeding Most common limiting factor in FESS is blood loss because the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa is extremely well supplied with blood. It is difficult to stop bleeding from the capillaries and particularly challenging to manage bleeding during FESS.So, the current study was conducted to compare between oral verapamil or diltiazem to general anaesthesia on the intraoperative haemodynamics as heart rate, mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the blood loss during endoscopic sinus surgery. A total of 135 patients were scheduled for FESS were recruited in the study. Those patients were randomly subdivided into three equal groups; control group receive placebo , diltiazem group receive 90mg and verapamil group receive 80mg 3h preoperative where each group included 45 patients Baseline data and preoperative and intraoperative laboratory data were comparable in different groups. It was found that verapamil group had more significantly reduction in heart rate and blood pressure at different times of assessment in comparison to the other two groups.