الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most diagnosed cancer worldwide. This led to advances in early screening methods for detection and management. It’s managed by surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormonal therapy. Usually, combination of them is very successful and lead to near eradication of tumor cells in early stages with better quality of life and survival rate.
One of surgical management of breast cancer is modified radical mastectomy with or without axillary lymph nodes clearance. This operation leaves a large surgical scar with debilitating postoperative pain. This pain should be adequately managed otherwise adverse effects of pain will be gained. Side effects of postoperative pain affects most of the body systems. It’s associated with psychological disturbance, anxiety, and depression. It causes hemodynamic changes especially in borderline cardiac patients, it affects lungs with atelectasis, pneumonia, and respiratory depression from narcotic overuse to treat the pain. It also causes delayed upper limb mobility with possible limb edema. It delays hospital discharge with more hospital cost. However, this pain may precipitate to chronic pain known as post mastectomy pain syndrome which is a type of nociceptive pain with some burning, itching, paresthesia or numbness. So, it’s crucial to manage postoperative mastectomy pain.