الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study aimed to valorize some organic wastes for the production of amylase, MCase and pectinase enzymes (three industrially important enzymes) from the fungi (A. :ae ATCC-56747, P. chrysogenum A3 DSM105774 and T. reesei QM9414) by using lid-state fermentation (SSF). In this regard, the study included 3 parts as follows:
1. Testing the Fungal Strains for Production of Amylase, CMCase and Pectinase.
2. Optimization of Amylase, CMCase and Pectinase Production.
3. Partial characterization of the Crude Amylase, CMCase and Pectinase.
The obtained results can be summarized as follows:
l Testing the fungal strains for production of Amylase, CMCase and Pectinase
m #
The three fungal strains were subjected to primary testing for production of amylase, CMCase and pectinase on modified Czapek-Dox agar medium supplemented with soluble starch, CMC or pectin. The obtained results revealed that the three fungal strains have amylase, CMCase and pectinase activities as indicated by clear hydrolytic zones around the fungal colonies.
2. Optimization of Amylase, CMCase and Pectinase Production
Optimization of amylase, CMCase and pectinase production by the three fungal strains 1 was performed through the OVAT approach. Four parameters (organic waste, incubation time, moisture content and agitation speed) were used to optimize the production of these enzymes.
With regard to the effect of organic waste, potato peels for A. oryzae ATCC-56747 and I reesei QM9414 and bread residues for P. chrysogenum A3 DSM 105774 were proved to be the proper wastes for amylase production. Wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse and maize stalk were proved to be the proper wastes for CMCase production by A. oryzae ATCC-56747, P. chrysogenum A3 DSM 105774 and T. reesei QM9414, respectively. Orange peels for A. oryzae ATCC-56747 and T. reesei QM9414 and pea peels for P. chrysogenum A3 DSM 105774 were proved to be the proper wastes for pectinase production.
Concerning the effect of incubation time, 6 days for A. oryzae ATCC-56747 and T. reesei QM9414 and 4 days for P. chrysogenum A3 DSM 105774 were the optimum incubation periods for amylase production. In case of CMCase, 8, 4 and 6 days were the optimum incubation periods for CMCase production by A. oryzae ATCC-56747, P. chrysogenum A3 DSM 105774 and T. reesei QM9414, respectively. On the other hand, 8 days for A. oryzae ATCC-56747 and T. reesei QM9414 and 4 days for P. chrysogenum A3 DSM 105774 were the optimum incubation periods for pectinase production.
With regard to the effect of moisture content, 70, 60 and 50% were the optimum moisture contents for amylase production by A. oryzae ATCC-56747, P. chrysogenum A3 DSM 105774 and T. reesei QM9414, respectively. In case of the production of CMCase, 70% moisture content for A. oryzae ATCC-56747 and 60% moisture content for P. chrysogenum A3 DSM 105774 and T. reesei QM9414 were the optimum moisture contents for CMCase production. On the other hand, 60% was the optimum moisture content for pectinase production from the three strains.