الفهرس 
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Abstract
Alterations of diet are one of the most preferred and practical methods to relive the nega-tive effects of a wide range of potential stressors that birds may expose to them before and during transportation. Synbiotics, probiotics, and prebiotics are excellent feed additives, which had a beneficial effect on the host organism through the development intensification of healthy intestinal microbial strains and eliminating pathogenic strains. Synbiotics are a combination of probiotics and prebiotics.
Growth promoters were chemical and biological substances introduced to the livestock food to improve the productivity of chickens, maximize the use of food, and thus achieve better production and budget performance (Fallah et al., 2013).
Probiotic ’’Mean for life” a live microbial dietary supplement that benefits the animal host by improving its microbial balance (Fuller, 1992; Gibson and Fuller, 2000; Patterson and Burkholder, 2003). The probiotic is used for the substances produced by microorganisms that stimulate the growth of man and animals. This name has taken from the Latin words ”pro” and ”bios”. Probiotics are preparations containing the required intestinal microflora, applied in the form of living cells or yeast, or spores.
Probiotics also means, “let good microbes work for you in different fields get their benefits and take a rest”. Such work will include food digestion, production of useful products to destroy the bad microbes, complement the functions of the missed digestive enzymes (due to missed or defective genes), and to maintain the digestive system’s pH, and so on (Williams, 2010; Amara and Shibl, 2015). Probiotics are not a creation but found in our traditional foods like salty fishes, yogurt, and many types of cheeses (Amara and Shibl, 2015), which these food structures contain different types of useful bacteria. Metchnikoff who was the first to discover what is called now probiotic. He linked health and longevity with the ingestion of bacteria present in yogurt (Patterson and Burkholder, 2003).
Hypothesis:
Probiotics are effectively:
1. Inhibit the harmful effects of transportation stress on
Performance
Behaviour
Blood parameters.
2. Improve the productivity and health status of birds in normal condition
The main purpose of this study:
Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic (Clostat) improved the productivity and health status of birds and effectively inhibited the harmful effects of transport stress.
Experimental Design: The 21 floor pens were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 dietary treatments in 7 replicates of 10 broilers per replicate: a regular diet mixed with the probiotic, B. subtilis PB6 (CLOSTATTM; Kemin, Europe, NV; Herentals, Belgium) at 0 (control), 0.25 (0.25X), and 0.5 (0.5X) g/kg feed. The concentrations of CLOSTAT dietary treatments were based on the company’s recommen-dation. The dietary treatment was from day 1 to day 35 when they reached the market weight. Small amounts of the basal diet was first mixed with the respective a mounts of probiotic as a small batch, and then with a larger amount of the basal diet until the total amount of the respec-tive diets were homogeneously mixed. The birds were fed with starter diet from day 1 to 14, followed by grower diet from 15 to 28 days of age, and then a finisher diet from 29 to 35 days. Water was provided in clean sterile drinkers at all pens (Mohammed et al., 2019).
Transport stress: At 35 days old, 105 (35 birds per treatment) birds were subjected to catch-ing, handling, crating in plastic boxes (96*55*75), loading and transported for a journey of 80 km (90 min approximately). After the birds had arrived to our laboratory, they were housed in battery cages (5 birds/cage) (28°C) and subjected to physiological and behavioral measure-ments.
The results:
1) Behaviour parameters: In the experiment, there was a dose-associated effect of dietary supplementation of bacillus subtilis based probiotic (Clostat ™) on improving broilers’ behavioral patterns in normal con-ditions and following transportation stress. The results revealed that 0.5 g/kg significantly in-creased feeding activity under normal condition. While (0.5 X) birds spent less time in the tonic immobility test in comparison with controls and (0.25X) birds exposed to transportation stress.
2) Growth parameters: Dietary supplementation of probiotics at the levels used in this study has favorable influences on the growth performance of broiler chickens reared under normal conditions. Probioticbased bacillus subtilis (Clostat™) increased the body weight of the Clostat treated group at the end of the experiment. Also, significant differences in the absolute weight of internal organs (heart, spleen, gizzard, liver, and intestine) between the probiotic treated groups and controls were reported.
3) Intestinal histomorphology: Under normal condition, the probiotic-based bacillus subtilis supplementations increased the villus width and height of the duodenum. Moreover, villus width of jejunum was increased in the probiotic supplementation with dose effect, 0.5X had the highest increase. The villus height/crypt depth ratio was increased in the probiotic fed birds regardless of their dose in comparison with controls in the jejunum.
4) Intestinal microbiota: The probiotic-based bacillus subtilis supplementation increased lactobacillus spp. but de-creased total bacterial count in broiler chickens reared under normal condition.
5) Physiological parameters: Under normal condition, the results showed that the probiotic-based bacillus subtilis had no effect on liver function tests (total bilirubin, direct and indirect bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulin and A/G ratio and alkaline phosphatase) and kidney function tests (urea and creati-nine).
The improvement in stress physiological indicators (reductions in corticosterone and choles-terol, but did not affect glucose level) in broiler chickens exposed to transport stress, reflected improvement in the health status of the birds and their ability to cope with stress conditions.