الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 196 |  |  |
| | | from | 196 | | |
Abstract
Flowers, small to medium in size, bracteates, regular and hermaphrodite (Lawrence, 1951). Flowers have distinct calyx and corolla with (3-) 5- (32-) merous. Androecium obhaplostemonous or obdiplostemonous, the anther colour in most with yellow or red colour (Thiede & Eggli, 2007). Thiede (1995) used the anther colour in distinction on the infraspecific level. Gynoecium of three to more pistils; apocarpous to semi-apocarpous. Ovary usually superior with terminal inconspicuous stigma. The carpels have nectary scale at their dorsal base in most genera, they exhibit great variations in colour and shape. Ovules pendulous, usually many, rarely few to one, anatropous, crassi- or tenui-nucellate, bitegmic (Watson & Dallwitz, 1992). Fruits dry dehiscent, follicles, usually ± completely dehisced along the ventral suture. Seeds many rarely few, usually endospermic with cellular endosperm, brownish, small, elongate-fusiform, their surfaces have longitudinal ridged (costate) or papillate, rarely smooth. The seed coat is 4 layered the exotestal cells more or less thickened, the inner exotegmic cell layer is pigmented and the two layers are completely crushed, embryo small and straight (Krach, 1976 and Thiede & Eggli, 2007).