الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF LITRATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are a class of insecticides, several of which are highly toxic; they were first recognized in 1854, but their general toxicity was not established until the 1930s (Kalender et al., 2006). The United States Environmental Protection Agency lists organophosphates as very highly acutely toxic to bees, wildlife, and humans (Raiten and Aimone, 2017). Until the 21st century, they were among the most widely used insecticides available. Thirty-six of them are presently registered for use in the United States, and all can potentially cause acute and sub-acute toxicity (Donaldson et al., 2002). Organophosphates are used in agriculture, homes, gardens and veterinary (Gokcimen et al., 2007); however, in past decades, several notable OPs have been discontinued for use, including parathion, which is no longer registered for any use, chlorpyrifos, which is no longer registered for home use, and diazinon which is used only outdoors on lawns and gardens, indoors for fly control and in pet collars designed to control fleas and ticks according to FAO/WHO, 1971. All OPs are sharing a common mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition and can cause similar symptoms, although there are some differences within the class.