الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present thesis describes the preparation and examination of performance features of novel potentiometric sensors for determination of clidinium bromide anticholinergic drug as well as benzydamine hydrochloride nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The sensors were based on β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), heptakis (2,3,6-tri-O-methyl) -β-cyclodextrin (HSMβCD) and dibenzo18-crown-6 (DB18C6) ionophores. Various types of nanomaterials and nanocomposite compounds were considered to boost the sensor performance. The sensors were constructed and fully characterized in terms of composition, the influence of nanomaterials, surface morphology, life span, response time, usable pH range as well as selectivity. The examined sensors exhibited sufficient selectivity compared with some common foreign interfering species. The proposed sensors were successfully implemented for the drugs determination in pure solutions, pharmaceutical formulation, biological fluids and surface water samples using standard addition method and calibration curve method. Also, the sensors were used as potentiometric titration indicator sensors for the drug cation determination. The results were compared with previously published data.
The thesis comprises four chapters:
Chapter (I): Gives a general introduction on the different electroanalytical techniques and their implementation. The chapter provides an idea of the various kinds of chemical sensors and addresses electrochemical sensors in detail. It also offers a short review of the significant potentiometric sensors designed for various drugs.
Chapter (II): Describes the construction of novel modified carbon paste sensors for the quantitative determination of clidinium bromide. The sensors based on β-CD or DB18C6 ionophores as sensing materials in addition to sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTBP) as lipophilic anionic additive and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) to improve the characteristics of the sensors. The analytical applications of the designed sensors for drug determination in pure solutions, pharmaceutical formulation, biological fluids and surface water samples were also investigated.
Chapter (III): Presents the determination of benzydamine hydrochloride using novel modified carbon paste sensors. The sensors are based on DB18C6 or HSMβCD ionophores as the electroactive materials in addition to KTPB or NaTPB as lipophilic anionic additives. Three types of nanomaterials including; MWCNTs, graphene and Zn-Fe layered double hydroxides (Zn-Fe LDH) were considered to enhance the sensor performance. The electrochemical response characteristics are described in detail, and the suggested analytical method was successfully implemented for Benz determination in pure drug, pharmaceutical products, biological fluids and surface water samples.