الفهرس 
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Abstract
Navier-Stokes equations are the most fundamental equations in Newtonian fluids mechanics. But for the last few decades it has been generally accepted that the Newtonian fluids, which have a relationship between the stress and rate of strain, do not explain several phenomena observed for the fluids in industry and other technological applications. Rheological properties of non-Newtonian fluids are described by their so called constitutive equations. Due to complexity of fluids, several models mainly based on the empirical observations have been proposed. Amongst the several non-Newtonian fluid models, the second grade fluids model has attracted the attention of many researchers. The attraction of such fluid models stems largely due to the fact that their constitutive equations have been derived on the basis of the first principle and unlike many other ‘phenomenological’ models, there are no curve fittings or parameters to adjust.