الفهرس 
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Abstract
from the surgery point of view, the cecal resection indicated for affections as impaction, inversion, perforation, dilatation, neoplasia, and sever inflammation (typhlitis). The surgical ablation of cecum depending on the disease process and its extent; the cecum can be removed from the colon partially or completely.This study aimed to perform 2 operative techniques; partial typhlectomy and complete typhlectomy, morphometric evaluation of dog cecum and clinical evaluation of dogs’ physiological parameters, hematobiochemical changes, gross and histological findings following operations.The experimental work was carried out on 8 apparently healthy monogrel dogs, divided into 2 groups 4 dogs in each one, (1) partial tyhplectomy, (2) complete tyhplectomy, the dogs were weighting 15 to 25 kg and ageing from 1 to 2 years. All surgical operations in this experimental study were performed under the effect of general anesthesia, using ketamine HCl at dose 10 mg/kg intramuscular, and using xylazine HCl at dose 1 mg/kg intramuscular as preanasthetic medication.
Morphometric evaluation of the cecum: during performing both surgical techniques of typhlectomy either complete or partial revealed the unique anatomical structure of dog’s cecum as appeared on shape of typical “S” letter blind end diverticulum upward colon and not defined as the first part of large intestine following ileum terminal of small intestine and divided into three parts apex, body and base. Attached to adjacent ileum through ileocecal fold and attach into colon with cecocolic fold. The inner direction in the area of ileocecocolic found as ileocolic orifice between colon and ileum, and cecocolic orifice between colon and cecum the only direction of cecum as there is no direction between cecum and ileum.
The length of the cecum in both groups was ranged from 4.6 - 5.9 cm at its location and the mean length of the cecum was 5.02 cm (50.2 mm).Clinical parameter measurement: Body temperature, respiratory rate and pulse rate were recorded on 0 day before operation and every day till day 5 after operation and on days 7,14,21,30.
For the effect on physiological functions, defecation examination; a Stool sample was taken after returning to normal diet (two week post-operative). Stool analysis for changes in its consistency and presence of food residues. Also Urination, vomiting and dog’s appetite were closely observed and recorded through the whole length of experiment.
Clinical examination of dogs after surgical operation:
Body temperature, pulse rate and respiratory rate in all animals showed significant alteration throughout the whole length of experiment.
In Body temperature: Group1 slightly increased on day 2 post surgery, followed by significant decrease till day 5 then significantly increased till the end of the experiment, While Group2 showed a significant decrease from the 2nd day till the 14th day followed by a significant increase on the day 21 then there was a significant decrease by the day 30. Pulse rate: Group1 was significantly decreased till a week then returned to its baseline value at the end of the experiment, While in Group2 showed a significant increase which was observed all over the periods of the experiment and the highest value was recorded on the 2nd day and 14th day post-surgery. Respiratory rate: Group1 was remained unchanged till the 4th day post-surgery, followed by a significant decrease on both 5th and 7th day then returned to the pre-operative value again on the 14th day, While in Group2 showed a significant increase till 5th day. from the 7th day it began to decrease till reached the baseline value at the end of the experiment.
Urination incidence in the presented study it appeared to be normal on day 0 then showed a variation between normal and scanty in two groups on the 2nd day post-operative, dogs were showed normal urination from the 3rd day till the end of the whole experiment.
Appetite: A fluid therapy provided to dogs post-surgery, appetite decreased on the 3rd day in one dog of each group and was good for the rest of the animals. All dogs was showed good appetite from day 4 till the end of experiment, And all dogs were showed no vomiting till the end of experiment.
Defecation alteration was evident in consistency from soft to normal, at end of experiment group1 three dogs returned to normal and one continued as soft while in group2 three dogs continued as soft stool and one returned to normal. Stool analysis was showed presence of food residues in stool which vary from (+) in partial typhlectomy to (++) in complete typhlectomy versus the Nil normal reference.
Five blood samples were collected on days 0 (control sample) and days 3, 7, 14, 21 after surgery from the cephalic vein. A complete blood count (CBC) made for monitoring the hematological changes on the blood picture after the surgery and for biochemical changes measuring liver functions by SGOT and SGPT, and kidney functions BUN & Creatinen.Effect of partial and complete typhlectomy on hematological and biochemical analysis on animal post-operative:
Hb level in Group1 was showed a significant decrease on the 3rd day till end of experiment but still within the physiological limit, While in Group2 was showed significant decrease till a week then began to increase gradually from two weeks to became around the baseline value at the end of experiment. RBCs count in both Group1 and group2 were showed significant decrease till two weeks but then in group1 began to increase on the 21th day post surgery but never returned to the baseline value, while in Group2 increased again to become around the baseline value. Haematocrite level was showed a significant decrease all over the observation period and never returned to the baseline value. MCV level in Group1 was showed a significant fluctuation between decrease and increase till the end of the experiment, but still around the baseline value, while in Group2 was showed a significant increase till reach its highest value after two weeks till the end of experiment. MCH level in group1 was showed a significant increase till the end of experiment but staying within baseline value, while in Group2 was showed a remarkable significant decrease after one week, followed by significant increase till the end of experiment. MCHC level in Group1 was showed significant increase till a week then returned to the base line value after two weeks. In Group2 was showed decrease till two weeks, while both groups then showed significant increase on day 21post surgery.WBCs count in Group1 were showed significant increase till a week, and then followed by a significant decrease after two weeks till the end of experiment, while in Group2 were showed a marked significant increase on the days 3, 7 and 21 post surgery. Platelets were showed fluctuation between the significant decrease and increase throughout the observation period. In Group1 the highest value was observed after a week while the lowest one was observed after two weeks, and in Group2 where the highest value was observed on the day 7. BUN (blood urea nitrogen) in Group1 was showed a significant increase from the day 3 while the highest value was recorded after a week post-surgery, while in Group2 was showed a significant decrease after a week till the end of the experiment. Creatinine level in both Group1 and Group2 was showed non-significant changes throughout the whole experiment.SGOT (Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase)-(AST) was showed significant increase in both groups. SGPT (Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase)-(ALT) was showed fluctuation from significant increase to decrease in both groups.Histopathological examination: Two months after surgery two dogs from each group were subjected to exploratory laparotomy. The site of operation in both groups was examined grossly for adhesion, healing, leakage, stenosis and any pathological changes in both colon and ileum. These samples were fixed in 10% neutral buffered Formalin solution,
the fixed samples were grossly examination before preparation for histopathological examination and examined under digital microscope.
The gross examination of remained half of cecum in partial typhlectomy showed the clear cecal folds made extension to first part of proximal colon, and the cecal folds in mucosal surface showed uniform different lymphatic notches with rounded smooth elevation which histologically showed clear germinal center.
In Regard to the results of microscopic examination, the repair and healing process was somewhat active and associated with a good degree in the layers of cecal intestinal wall in case of partial typhlectomy than the changes of the granulation or organized tissue proliferation that occurred in case of the complete typhelectomy. The absorbable suturing material suffered active degree of digestion and phagocytosis in case of partial typhlectomy than the complete typhelectomy. Also the partial typhelectomy was characterized by more active lymphoglandular complexes that appeared involving different areas of the wall and associated with some peripheral lymphoid follicles formations that have a wide germinal centers and sometimes individual inter-muscular cellular infiltrations or necrosis, while a less active changes in the lymphoglandular complexes could be seen in case of the complete typhelectomy. The surface of the mucosa, in case of the partial typhlectomy appeared somewhat near to the normal histology; while in case of the complete typhlectomy the upper villi appeared short and thickened due to connective tissue proliferation and dilated lacteal ducts.