الفهرس 
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the disease of the heart and blood
vessels, and covers all diseases that affect the heart and circulatory system of
the body, including coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke and
peripheral vascular disease. CVD is one of the most common cause of death
globally. More people die annually from CVDs than from any other cause.
It’s usually associated with a build-up of fatty deposits inside the
arteries (atherosclerosis) and an increased risk of blood clots. It can also be
associated with damage to arteries in organs such as the brain, heart, kidneys
and eyes.
Open heart surgery is an operation to repair a fault or damage in the
heart. The operation requires the surgeon to open the chest to access the
heart. The most common type of open heart surgery is a coronary artery
bypass. The coronary arteries supply the heart with blood. If the arteries
become blocked or narrowed due to heart disease, a person may be at risk of
a heart attack. The operation involves taking a healthy blood vessel from
another part of the body and using it to bypass the blocked arteries.
Another open-heart procedure involves replacing a faulty aortic
valve. The aortic heart valve prevents blood from flowing back into parts of
the heart after the heart has pumped it out. Surgeons also perform open-heart
surgery to repair aneurysms, which are bulges in the main artery leaving the
heart. Open heart surgery is a major surgery that requires a hospital stay of a
week or more. Open heart surgery Patient will spend time in the Intensive
Care Unit immediately after surgery.