الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder characterized by the presence of hyperglycemia due to impairment of insulin secretion, defective insulin action or both.
Prolonged elevated blood glucose level is considered a risk of developing microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular (coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease and stroke) complications.
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is now the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide and the leading cause of end-stage-renal disease (ESRD) requiring renal replacement therapy (dialysis or transplantation). The presence of CKD is the single strongest predictor of mortality for persons with diabetes.
The Non Muscle Myosin Heavy Chain (MYH9) gene encodes the heavy chain of non-muscle myosin of class II, isoform A (NM IIA). Myosins constitute a superfamily of motor proteins that bind to actin and produce mechanical force through magnesium-dependent hydrolysis of ATP.
The importance of the MYH9 polymorphisms in the context of CKD is that there is enough evidence of being a causal variant for CKD in diabetics, Lupus Nephritis and in non-diabetic population.
The aim of this work is to assess MYH9 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs 3752462 & rs 4821480) as risk factors for DN.
This study was carried out by cooperation between Medical Biochemistry & Molecular Biology and Internal Medicine Departments, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University.
It included 80 individuals: 55 Patients selected from Internal Medicine outpatient clinics and inpatient Departments of Menoufia University Hospitals in the period from January 2019 to June 2019 and 25 age and gender matched healthy subjects served as the control group.
The subjects in this study were divided into 3 groups: group I: It included 30 patients with DN (21 males & 9 females). Their ages ranged from 40 to 73 years with mean age of 59.07 ± 8.40 years. The mean duration of diabetes was 13.83 ± 3.83 years, group II: It included 25 patients withT2DM (13 males & 12 females). Their ages ranged from 37 to 75 years with mean age of 54.92 ± 10.27 years. The mean duration of diabetes was 13.84 ± 5.92 years, group III: It included 25 age & sex matched apparently healthy individuals (16 males & 9 females). Their ages ranged from 42 to 71 years with mean age of 57.60 ± 7.59 years.
All subjects were submitted to the followings:
Full history taking, general clinica examination, laboratory investigations including: Fasting blood glucose, glycated Hb (HbA1c), serum creatinine, urea and urinary albumin: creatinine ratio, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and detection of MYH9 (rs3752462 & rs4821480) SNPs in DNA extracted from blood samples by real time PCR.