الفهرس 
Definition of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 142 |  |  |
| | | from | 142 | | |
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs towards noxious particles and gases, usually from cigarette smoke. Symptomatic COPD patients can be managed with one of the following inhaled medications: long-acting betaagonists LABA); long acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA); or inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) [1]. Administration of two or more medications from different classes seems beneficial when the disease cannot be controlled adequately with LAMA or LABA mono-therapy [1]. LAMAs dilate the airway by selectively blocking acetylcholine muscarinic (M3) receptors [2.LABAs are β2-agonists, which provide smooth muscle relaxation by stimulating β2-adrenergic receptors [3]. Furthermore, LAMAs and LABAs were reported to exert an anti-inflammatory activity [2,4-5]. LAMAs and LABAs are considered ideal treatments for symptomatic COPD patients through improving lung function, exercise capacity, and quality of life, and reducing exacerbations [6-7].