الفهرس 
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Abstract
Substance use disorders (SUDs) is a chronic, a bio-psychosocial phenomenon that produce negative or harmful consequences. This disorder entrapped the old, the youth, teenagers, and even children as one of a devastating affliction in the world .Thus, providing an effective treatment of this disorder consider a main priority in mental health.
Emotional freedom techniques (EFT) is a relatively new meridian-based therapy that can be easily administered and self-applied, cheap, feasible technique that combines elements of cognitive therapy that is designed to target with the stress response and has been researched for a variety of psychological problem.
Aim of the study
To assess the effect of emotional freedom techniques on psychological symptoms & cravings among patients with substance related disorders through:
1. Assessing patients’ substance –related disorders toward craving.
2. Assessing psychological symptoms of patients with substance –related disorders
3. Developing emotional freedom techniques by the researcher.
4. Implementing of emotional freedom techniques to reduce psychological symptoms & cravings among patients with substance related disorders.
5. Evaluating the effect of emotional freedom techniques on psychological symptoms & cravings among patients with substance related disorders.
Research Hypothesis
Emotional freedom techniques will affect positively in reducing psychological symptoms & cravings among patients with substance related disorders
Research design:
A quasi-experimental design (two equal group=45) pre/post test was used in the current study.
Research setting:
This study was conducted at Elmaamoura Hospital for psychiatric Medicine in Alexandria.
Research subjects
• Type of the sample:
Convenient sample was used in the current study.
• Sample Size:
The sample of this study was comprised of 90 (divided into two equal groups =45) with substance –related disorders who meet the following criteria:-
• Age: 18-45 years old
• from both sex
• Educational level: at least read & write.
• Being detoxified.
• In rehabilitation stage.
• Do not currently participating in other psychological therapies
Tools for data collection:
• Interview questionnaire sheet that include Socio- Demographic, and History of Substance –Related Disorders Data for patients with substance related disorders.
• Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS): This tool was adapted from Witkiewitz et al. (2010) to be used for assessing craving for both alcohol & other drugs for SUDs patients .
• The Symptom Checklist90 (SCL-90 R): This tool was developed by Derogatis et al (1973), and it was translated to Arabic language by Elbehiry (2005) to be used for to evaluate a broad range of psychological problems and symptoms of psychopathology.
Field work:
The study was started and finished through the provision of the subsequent phases:
A) Assessment and planning phase
The researcher determined the teaching strategy (timetable of sessions, teaching methods, media used and patients activities). The appointment for starting teaching sessions was detected and scheduled with the patients for the following weeks within the same previously mentioned days.
B) Implementation phase:
The teaching sessions were conducted in a classroom located at the first floor of the psychiatric hospital. The program content and its objectives were developed by the researcher in the form of 22 sessions each session take about 30- 45 minutes according to the patient understanding and span of attention.
Every session of the program has general and specific objectives; these were achieved through several teaching methods and media as lecture, group discussion, role playing, booklet, video, and posters.
Program sessions
Introductory Session: During the initial session the researcher explained the program objective.
Session 1: The main objective of this session was: to help the patients’ to identify the meaning of substance use disorder.
Session 2: The main objective of this session was: to help the patient to, identify the manifestations of abused substances on their body system.
Session 3: The main objective of this session was: to help the patients to detect the primary motives for seeking addiction treatment.
Session 4: The main objective of this session was: to help the patients to gain overview knowledge of addiction relapse, high risk situations for relapse
Session 5: The main objective of this session was: to help the patients to able to detect the high risk situations for previous relapse.
Session 6: The main objective of this session was: to help the patients to able detect the stage, and the characteristics of each relapse stage.
Session 7: The main objective of this session was: to help the patients to identify the different relapse triggers
Session 8: The main objective of this session was: to help the patients to detect the relapse triggers that cause the relapse.
Session 9: The main objective of this session was: to help the patients’ to develop personal secure alternatives plan for relapse cues.
Session 10: The main objective of this session was: to helps the patients’ to identify addiction craving, ,different characteristics of craving , craving symptoms ,and dimensions of addiction craving .
Session 11: The main objective of this session was: to helps the patient to apply deep breathing technique.
Session 12: The main objective of this session was: to help the patient to apply progressive muscle relaxation
Session 13: The main objective of this session was: to help the patient to apply basic recipe of emotional freedom techniques
Session 14: The main objective of this session was: to help the patient to apply gamut pressure points emotional freedom techniques).
Session 15: The main objective of this session was to help the patient to acquire knowledge about how to deal with craving Session 16: The main objective of this session was: to help the patient to develop a plan of how to deal with patient’s suffering from substance craving.
Session 17 : The main objective of this session was: to help the patient to develop a plan of how to deal with the guilt feeling (toward self).
Session 18 : The main objective of this session was: to help the patient to conduct a plan of how to deal with the guilt feeling (toward other).
Session 19: The main objective of this session was: to help the patient to carry out a plan of how to deal with patient’s experience anger feeling
Session 20: The main objective of this session was: to help the patient to develop assertiveness skills.
Session 21The main objective of this session was: to help the patient to implement a plan for dealing with fear of relapse after dreaming of drug abuse.
Session 22: The main objective of this session was: to help the patient to conduct a plan of how to deal with fear experience when meeting drug abuse friends in order to minimize the fear experience & the risk of relapse.
• Ending session: Evaluate the effectiveness and the outcomes of the program implementation.
The findings of the study can be summarized in the followings:
• Regarding level of craving among studied patients, the present study clarified that, there were reduction in the total level of high craving at post program implementation.
• There was highly statistically significant difference between pretest and posttest in the substance related patients craving symptoms as confirmed by paired t test (p= <0.001).
• Concerning psychological symptoms, it was observed that there were highly statistically significant as confirmed by paired t test (p= <0.001) in overall sub items of the psychological symptoms after applying emotional freedom technique.
Conclusion
In the light of the current study, it can be concluded that, emotional freedom techniques affect positively in reducing psychological symptoms & cravings among patients with substance related disorders.
Recommendations
1) Assessment of level of craving ,and psychological symptoms can be incorporated into routine clinical assessment of the patients with addiction and in planning rehabilitation programs based on individual needs
2) Training of all psychiatric team and graduated psychiatric nurses about utilization of psycho-education emotional freedom techniques program to help them in practical applications and holistic health promotion for patients with addiction.
3) Comprehensive, very simple, and clarified Arabic booklet about psycho education of emotional freedom techniques to substance related disorder patient should be distributed for each newly attending patient in neuropsychiatric outpatient clinic.
4) Conduct longitudinal follow-up studies to confirm and validate the efficacy and robustness of the EFT in the treatment of substance cravings & psychological symptoms.