الفهرس 
Review of literature.Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
During the 2017/18 and 2018/19 consecutive growing seasons, from
October to April (fall seasons and winter), two experiments were performed in
sandy loam soil (newly reclaimed soil) at the Demo research farm of the faculty
of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Egypt. The purpose of this study was to
examine the performance of faba bean as an important legume plant under the
effects of three potassium amounts, namely 0 K 2 O fed -1 (K 0 ), 50 K 2 O fed -1 (K 1 ),
and 75 K 2 O fed -1 (K 0 ), three yeast extract concentrations, namely 0 ml L -1 (YE 0 ),
4 ml L -1 (YE 1 ), and 8 ml L -1 (YE 2 ), and three zinc sources, namely zinc sulphate
(ZS), zinc oxide (ZO), and zinc chelated (ZC), and their interactions. Potassium
rates were allocated to the main plots, varied concentrations of yeast extract to
the sub-plots, and zinc kinds to the sub-sub plots in a split-split plot in
randomized complete blocks with three replicates.
A summary of the information gathered is as follows
Potassium rates (K).
1- Growth characters
potassium rates were significant effect on plant height, number of
branches plant -1 , number of leaves plant -1 , leaf area plant -1 , dry matter
accumulation plant -1 , leaf chlorophyll content at 70, 91, and 112 days after
sowing and absolute crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, and relative growth
rate at two growth periods. The tallest plants were measured by adding the third
rate of potassium (K 2 ) at 70, 91, and 112 DAS, as evidenced by these numbers
(37.16, 60.40, and 60.40 cm), respectively. The application of 75 K 2 O fed -1
produced the most branches (4.34, 4.79, and 4.79) of plant -1 in the first, second,
and third ages. At 70, 91, and 112 days after sowing, the highest rate of
potassium as a soil fertilizer resulted in the highest leaf number plant -1 (46.34,
73.24, 88.99). Using the third rate of potassium (K 2 ) caused the largest leaf area
SUMMARYـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
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plant -1 , as indicated by these values (3177.69, 4945.30, and 7175.70 cm 2 ) at
various ages. Using the third rate of potassium (K 2 ) produced the maximum dry
matter accumulation plant -1 , as shown by these results (10.33, 17.59, and 25.65
g) at various ages. The best results for chlorophyll content (66.37, 53.48, and
50.45) were obtained by using the highest rate of potassium (K 2 ) at 70, 91, and
112 DAS, respectively. In terms of absolute crop growth rate, 75 K 2 O fed -1
yielded the highest results (0.662 and 0.380 g d -1 ) in the first (70-91 DAS) and
second (91-112 DAS) periods, respectively. While the relative growth rate
showed that using 0 K 2 O fed -1 achieved first place in the first and second growth
periods, as shown by the following numbers (0.013 and 0.009 g g d -1 ),
respectively. Applying 50 K 2 O fed -1 during the first growth stage (70-91 days
after sowing) resulted in the highest net assimilation rate (0.100 mg cm 2 d -1 ), but
applying 0 K 2 O fed -1 during the second growth stage (91-112 DAS) resulted in
the highest net assimilation rate (0.067 mg cm 2 d -1 ).
2- yield and yield components
Potassium rates had a significant effect on plant height, number of
branches plant -1 , first pod height, pod length, number of pods plant -1 , seed weight
plant -1 , number of seeds pod -1 , seed weight plant -1 , 100-seed weight, biological
yield, and seed yield fed -1 . Application 75 K 2 O rate fed -1 as a soil fertilizer (K 2 )
resulted in the tallest plant (66.54 cm), biggest number of branches plant -1 (4.77),
highest height to first pod (20.01 cm), greatest pod length (13.40 cm), the
maximum number of pods plant -1 (10.29), the heaviest pods weight plant -1 (45.10
g), the maximum number of seeds pod -1 (4.41), the heaviest seeds weight plant -1
(33.87 g), greatest 100-seed weight (111.81 g), maximum biological yield (4.75
t fed -1 ), maximal seed yield fed -1 (11.94 aradab). On the other hand, the harvest
index is insignificant.
3- Chemical analysis characters
Potassium rates caused significant differences in protein percentage,
potassium content, and zinc content in dry seeds. 75 K 2 O fed -1 gave topmost
SUMMARYـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
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values for protein percentage, potassium content, and zinc content (29.46%, 2.84
mg g -1 dry weight, and 0.634 mg g -1 dry weight), respectively.
Yeast extract.
1- Growth characters
The yeast extract treatments had significant effects on plant height,
number of branches plant -1 , number of leaves plant -1 , leaf area plant -1 , dry matter
accumulation plant -1 , leaf chlorophyll content, absolute crop growth rate, and
relative crop growth rate at 70, 91, and 112 days after sowing. Spraying faba
bean plants with the highest concentration of yeast extract (YE 2 ) gave the
superiority at 70, 91, and 112 DAS as obtained from next numbers respectively
in plant height (36.79, 61.41, and 61.41 cm), maximum branches number plant -1
(4.24, 4.83, and 4.83), topmost leaves number plant -1 (44.57, 69.69, and 90.88),
biggest leaf area plant -1 (2991.27, 4794.70, and 7423.60 cm), heaviest dry matter
accumulation plant -1 (9.70, 17.59, and 26.04 g), greatest chlorophyll content
(66.76, 54.73, and 51.57). The superiority for absolute crop growth rate was also
due to the use of the highest concentration of yeast extract (8 ml L -1 ) at 70-91
DAS and 91-112 DAS, as shown in the following numbers (0.663 and 0.400 g
d 1 ), the same direction was appeared in relative growth rate but not significant at
first vegetative period for net assimilation rate.
2- yield and yield components
Yield and yield components such as plant height, the number of branches
plant -1 , the number of pods plant -1 , pod length, height to first pod, the number of
pods plant -1 , pod weight plant -1 , the number of seeds pod -1 , seed weight plant -1 ,
100 seed weight, biological yield (4.94 t fed -1 ), and seed yield fed -1 (12.37
aradab), all of it increased significantly when the highest concentration of yeast
extract (YE 2 ) was used. However, it is not statistically significant on the harvest
index.
SUMMARYـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
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3- Chemical analysis characters
When it came to the effect of different yeast extract concentrations on
protein percentage, potassium content, and zinc content in dry seeds, the results
showed that the highest dose of yeast extract was superior.
Zinc sources (Zn)
1- Growth characters
All of the growth parameters of faba bean plants were significantly
affected by the application of zinc sources. According to the data, adding zinc
chelated to faba bean plants improved plant height, number of branches plant -1 ,
number of leaves plant -1 , leaf area plant -1 , dry matter accumulation plant -1 ,
chlorophyll content, absolute crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, and relative
crop rate.
2- Yield and yield components
Zinc chelates increased yield and yield components like plant height,
number of branches plant -1 , the height of the first pod, pod length, number of
pods plant -1 , pod weight plant -1 , number of seeds pod -1 , seed weight plant -1 , 100
seed weight, biological yield (5.10 t fed -1 ), seed yield (13.01 aradab fed -1 ), and
harvest index (39.76 %) when compared to other zinc sources.
3- Chemical analysis characters
Treatment (ZC) resulted in the greatest increases in protein % (30.16%),
potassium content (2.87 mg g -1 dry weight), and zinc content (0.656 mg g -1 dry
weight).
Effect of potassium rates × yeast extract interaction.
1- Growth characters
The interaction between K ×YE had a significant effect on plant height,
the number of leaves plant -1 and leaf area plant -1 at 70, 91, and 112 days after
sowing. When it comes to the traits listed above, the K 2 × YE 2 interaction
achieved the superiority. During the first and second vegetative periods, the
SUMMARYـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
-5-
highest values of net assimilation rate and relative growth rate were obtained
when the highest rate of potassium was combined with the highest concentration
of yeast extract. The results were insignificant when it comes to chlorophyll
content and dry matter accumulation plant -1 91 days after sowing. At 70 and 112
DAS, the results were significant in terms of chlorophyll content and dry matter
accumulation plant -1 , and the K 2 × YE 2 interaction was caused for the superiority.
In terms of the number of branches plant -1 , the results were insignificant at 70
and 91 days after sowing. Despite this, the factor had a significant impact at 112
DAS. The data on absolute crop growth rate was not significant during the first
growth stage but was substantial during the second growth stage.
2- Yield and yield components
The potassium rates and yeast extract interaction significantly influenced
plant height, number of branches plant -1 , the height of the first pod, number of
pods plant -1 , pod weight plant -1 , number of seeds pod -1 , seed weight plant -1 , 100
seed weight, and harvest index, as indicated by the results. However, no
significant differences in pod length, biological yield, or seed output were found.
The K 2 × YE 2 interaction resulted in the supreme mean values of plant height
(69.62 cm), branch number plant -1 (5.04), height to first pod (21.88 cm), the
number of pods plant -1 (11.26), pod weight plant -1 (51.96 g), the number of seeds
pod -1 (4.91), seed weight plant -1 (37.38 g), 100 seed weight (113.56 g), and
harvest index (40.50%).
3- Chemical analysis characters
The results reveal that the interaction between potassium rates and yeast
extract had a significant effect on potassium content in dry seeds. However, no
significant variations in protein percentage or zinc content were found. The K 2 ×
YE 2 interaction produced the highest potassium content (2.93 mg g -1 dry weight).
Effect of potassium rates × zinc sources interaction.
1- Growth characters
SUMMARYـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
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The effect of K × Zn on branch number plant -1 , leaf number plant -1 , and
chlorophyll content 70 days after sowing was not significant. on the other hand,
at 91 and 112 days after sowing, the preceding attributes were significant. The
effect of potassium rates combined with zinc sources on dry matter
accumulation plant -1 was not significant at 91 days after sowing, but it was
significant at 70 and 112 days. During the first growth stage (70-91 days after
sowing), the absolute crop growth rate wasn't really significant, but it was
significant during the second growth stage (91-112 days after sowing). In the
interaction between K and Zn, the net assimilation rate and relative growth rate
during the first and second growth periods were significant. At 70, 91, and 112
days after sowing, the K Zn interaction caused significant changes on plant
height and leaf area plant -1 .
2- Yield and yield components
The data demonstrated non-significant variations in the interaction
application of K Zn in terms of height to first pod and pod length. However,
harvest data indicates that this interaction had a significant impact on plant
height, branch number plant -1 , number of pods plant -1 , pod weight plant -1 , number
of seeds pod -1 , seed weight plant -1 , seed weight plant -1 , 100 seed weight,
biological yield fed -1 , and seed yield fed -1 , and harvest index. The K 2 × ZC
yielded in the tallest plants (71.55 cm), the maximum branches number plant -1
(5.20), the greatest number of pods plant -1 (12.08), heaviest pods weight plant -1
(49.75 g), maximal number of seed pod -1 (5.02), heaviest seed weight plant -1
(38.68 g), hugest 100 seed weight (116.18 g), greatest biological yield (5.42 t
fed -1 ), and greatest seed yield fed -1 (13.86 aradab). On the other hand, the
supreme value of the harvest index (40.03%) was recorded from the interaction
between (K 1 × ZC).
3- Chemical analysis characters
The interaction between potassium rates and zinc sources (K × Zn) was
significant in terms of protein percent and potassium content. K 2 × ZC
SUMMARYـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
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interaction owned the superiority in protein % (31.55 %) and potassium content
(2.98 mg g -1 dry weight). On the other hand, the interaction K × Zn had no effect
on zinc content.
Effect of yeast extract × zinc sources interaction.
1- Growth characters
The interaction of different yeast extract concentrations and zinc sources
has no significant effect on plant height at 91 DAS, chlorophyll content at 70
DAS, branch number plant -1 , number of leaves plant -1 , dry matter accumulation
plant -1 , and leaf area plant -1 at 70 and 91 DAS, as well as absolute crop growth
rate, net assimilation rate, and relative growth rate at the first growth period.
However, the interplay of yeast extract and zinc kinds had a great impact on
plant height at 70 and 112 days after sowing, chlorophyll content at 91 and 112
DAS, branch number plant -1 , leaf number plant -1 , and dry matter accumulation
plant -1 at 112 days after sowing. As well, there was a significant effect also
absolute crop growth rate, net assimilation rate, and relative growth rate at the
second growth period. the YE 2 × ZC interaction achieved superiority in all
significant attributes.
2- Yield and yield components
The interaction of yeast extract × zinc sources had a significant effect on
plant height, branch number plant -1 , number of pods plant -1 , height to the first
pod, pod weight plant -1 , number of seed pod -1 , seed weight plant -1 , and 100 seed
weight, but not on pod length, biological yield, seed yield fed -1 , or harvest index
at harvest. The YE 2 × ZC interaction achieved the maximal values in terms of
plant height (74.38 cm), branch number plant -1 (5.19), the height to the first pod
(23.26 cm), number of pods plant -1 (12.84), pod weight plant -1 (55.94 g), number
SUMMARYـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
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of seeds pod -1 (5.08), seed weight plant -1 (41.10 g), and 100 seed weight (116.40
g).
3- Chemical analysis characters
The interaction between yeast extract (YE) and zinc sources application
significant effect on the chemical composition, such as protein content,
potassium seed content, and zinc seed content (Zn). Protein content (31.49%),
potassium content (3 mg g -1 dry weight), and zinc content (0.720 mg g -1 dry
weight) were all highest in faba bean plants treated with the
highest concentration yeast extract and zinc-chelated.
Effect of potassium rates × yeast extract × zinc sources interaction.
1- Growth characters
At 91 days after sowing, there were no significant differences between (K
× YE × Zn) in plant height. Also, at 70 days after sowing, there were no
significant differences between (K × YE × Zn) in chlorophyll content. The
application of (K × YE × Zn) interaction to faba bean plants exerted no
significant influence on branch number plant -1 , dry matter accumulation plant -1 ,
and leaf area plant -1 at 71 and 91 DAS. Furthermore (K × YE × Zn) interaction
had a non-important effect on net assimilation rate and relative growth rate at
the first growth period. With regard to (K × YE × Zn) interaction appeared
significant effects on plant height at 70 and 112 days after sowing, leaves
number plant -1 at 70, 91, and 112 DAS, chlorophyll content at 91 and 112 DAS,
branch number plant -1 , dry matter accumulation plant -1 , leaf area plant -1 at 112
days after sowing, net assimilation rate and relative growth rate at second
growth period, also at first and second periods in absolute crop growth rate.
application the interaction between K 2 × YE 2 X ZC yielded in the superiority in
plant height (41.07 and 71.57 cm) at 70 and 112 DAS, branch number plant -1
(5.87) at 112 DAS, leaves number plant -1 (52.23, 83.07, and 110.07) at 70, 91,
and 112 DAS, dry matter accumulation plant -1 (34.21 g), chlorophyll content
(60.68 and 53.88) at 91 and 112 days after sowing, net assimilation rate (1.00
SUMMARYـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
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mg cm 2 d 1 ), and absolute crop growth rate (0.62 g d -1 ) at second growth period,
on the other hand, the maximal absolute crop growth rate (0..803 g d -1 ) at second
growth period was achieved by K 1 × YE 2 × ZC at 112 DAS. but the superiority
at leaf area plant -1 (8731.90 cm 2 ) appeared as a result of interaction between K 2 ×
YE 1 × ZC at 112 DAS. As can be observed from these number (0.012 mg cm 2
d 1 ), the interaction between K 0 × YE 0 × ZC achieved the superiority in terms of
relative growth rate.
2- Yield and yield components
On yield per feddan and pod length, the interaction between (K × YE ×
Zn) had a non-significant effect. On the other hand, the interaction between (K ×
YE × Zn) significantly affected plant height, branch number plant -1 , height to the
first pod, number of pod plant -1 , pod weight plant -1 , number of seed pod -1 , seed
weight plant -1 , 100 seed weight, biological yield fed -1 , and harvest index. From
the data analysis, it turns out that faba bean plants which were treated with the
highest amount of potassium (K 2 ) combined with the topmost dose of yeast
extract (YE 2 ) and the 3 rd source of zinc (ZC) gave the maximum values of plant
height (76.73), branch number plant -1 (5.62), the height of the first pod (24.68
cm), number of pods plant -1 (14.28), pod weight plant -1 (57.64 g), number of
seeds pod -1 (6.17), seed weight plant -1 (43.50 g), and 100 seed weight (118.50 g).
The interaction (K 1 × YE 2 × ZC) had the superiority in terms of biological yield
fed -1 However, in the harvest index, the interaction (K 0 × YE 0 × ZS) gave us an
upper hand.
3- Chemical analysis characters
The K × YE × Zn interaction had a significant effect on protein % and
zinc content, but a non-significant on potassium content. The interaction of K 2 ×
YE 2 × ZC resulted in the greatest protein percentage (33.02%), while, the
interaction of K 1 × YE 2 × ZC resulted in the highest zinc content (0.749 mg g -1
dry weight).
SUMMARYـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
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According to the results of the current study trial, 75 K 2 O fed -1 combined
with yeast extract at 8 ml L -1 and zinc chelated as a foliar application is a
beneficial interaction capable of achieving acceptable fava bean seed yield and
quality traits.