الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study is concerned with the use of natural charcoal (Biochar) from agricultural residues to purify water from dyes as it is characterized by being is cheap and available in the environment in a large scale. By using it, we can prevent burning of agricultural residues in the environment and the resulting air pollution by conversion of these wastes to an economic value material that has high adsorption capacity.
The thesis is divided into four chapters:
Chapter one is the introduction, and presented the environmental problem of the presence and burning of agricultural wastes and the resulting air pollution. As well as the problem of pollution of industrial wastewater dyes resulting from factories dyeing fabrics and clothing. Finally, it presented a short note about the biochar and its use in water treatment of organic materials and dyes.
The second chapter is the previous studies literature & review and what has been done previously in this field, and the various methods for the manufacture of biochar and its sources, as well as most uses that the biochar can be used in.
Chapter three is the tools, material & methods of research and experiments used in this study to produce the biochar in the laboratory, as well as the physical tests done to study its structure, surface, pores and surface area. Then, testing this produced biochar for adsorption of one of the industrial dyes which is the Methylene Blue. The study also reviewed how to assess its efficiency and determine the best conditions for its work.
The fourth and final chapter is to review the results that have been reached in the different experiments and discuss them, and comparing them with the previous results mentioned by different previous researches.
Natural coal (biochar) was synthesized from two agricultural residues the first is Corn stovers (Cn), and the second is Date palm leaf Midrib (DPLM) respectively, in addition to ordinary coal brought from the market.
The residuals were dried at 100 °C for one hour, and then charred in an electric muffle at 450 ° C for two hours.
Part of the biochar produced was then activated with a part of ordinary coal using 10% sulfuric acid at 40-50 ° C for one hour.
The physico-chemical properties of the adsorbent have been also accomplished by testing Scanning Electron microscope SEM, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction and Zeta-potential measurements.
The results revealed that the absorbents were having high porosity surface, all consists of carbon mainly. And the activation process helps the adsorbent to have Sulphate-end group which played a major role in attaching the Cationic dye to the negatively charged adsorbent.
Subsequently, inactive and activated biochar were used as adsorbent to remove industrial dyes (Methylene blue) from water. An appropriate concentration of dye (0.0001 m) was prepared in the laboratory and the biochars were added respectively at different pH’s. The best adsorption was determined at different pH’s. The best biochar among them turned to be that produced from DPLM at pH 10. This indicated that the adsorption may be happened due to ionic attraction forces between the dye & the adsorbent.
This TD biochar was selected to complete the optimization experiments for determining the best conditions for adsorption processes.
Several optimization experiments have been conducted to determine the best time of contact between the biochar and the dye, the results showed that it was 4 hours, as well as the best concentration of dye and the amount of biochar compared to the dye.
Finally, a real sample of industrial wastewater was used to detect the adsorbance ability of the produced biochar. The sample was a mixture of industrial dyes. The results showed that the biochar produced from date palm leaf has a great ability to remove the dye in the sample.
At the End, we can conclude that Date Palm Leaf Mid rib (DPLM) can be used as a good adsorbent due to containing large quantity of phenolic compounds. It is abundant in environment & can easily be converted to a biochar and further more to activated carbon. It can be used widely in water treatment field either in simple or complicated treatment plants. Its nature makes it unique adsorbent for organic compounds especially the dyes at alkaline mediums.