الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Obesity is one of the serious social and psychological problems, that affects virtually all age and socio-economic groups developing countries. The risk of obesity in developing countries is strongly influenced by diet and lifestyle, which dramatically changed as a result of the economic and nutritive conditions. This study was carried out to evaluate the nutritional status and obesity of housewives from different regions of great Cairo ,Egypt to find a relationship between obesity and socio-economic and demographic parameters age ,education status, occupation, marital status ,family size, income, sport, homemaking, multimedia and sleeping as well as anthropometric measurements (Weight, height ,waist-to-hip ratio, IBW and WHtR) reaching to the best recommendations to reduce their obesity and to raise the nutritional and health status. A cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate the nutritional status and obesity of housewives aged 20 to 60 years, Sample that comprised of 200 females were selected randomly from different regions of great Cairo, Egypt. Sampling was conducted through the medical convoy named (Hundred Million Health) in Cairo governorate during Oct. to Dec2018. These samples were stratified according to their body mass index (BMI). Classification of samples according to BMI
5.1. Socio-economic and demographic parameters
The socioeconomic data that collected from investigated samples were age education status, occupation, marital status, family size and income. Regarding to the age. It was significantly affected the BMI of various investigated obesity classes with high correlation. Similar finding that shown earlier was also detected in case of education status. Such parameter was also greatly affected the BMI status. Occupation, marital status and family size did not show any significant effect. Income parameter didn’t show any statistical significance with the BMI. So, it could be concluded that only age and education status are greatly affected house wife’s obesity in investigated sample.
5.2. Lifestyle
Sports practice, type of sport, time spent of sport, place of sport practice, household works making by herself, the number of times household works practice/week, the time of sleep in day and the time of last meal before sleeping were statistically significant with the BMI of the housewives.
5.3. Medical history
The medical history data that collected from investigated samples were suffering from some health problems ,family history of health problems ,taking nutritional supplement, menstrual cycle in previous years ,taking any hormones or birth control tablets and the extra weight in pregnancy period .Regarding to suffering from some health problems as affecting factor on BMI which expresses about true obesity it could be noticed that it was significantly affected the BMI of various investigated obesity classes with high correlation. Similar finding was also detected in case of taking nutritional supplement, such parameters was also greatly affected the BMI. It could be reported that menstrual cycle in previous years, taking any hormones or birth control tablets and the extra weight gain in pregnancy period were statistically significant with BMI of the housewives. Family history of health problem did not show any statistical significance with the BMI.
5. 4. Laboratory analysis
Random blood glucose was greatly affected with the BMI. Hypertension, Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure significantly affected the BMI of various investigated obesity classes with high correlation. Statistically, the laboratory analysis of housewives live in great Cairo indicates from significant between different obesity classes as affecting by most of such variables. Regarding to random blood glucose, no significant effect between four obesity classes, while systolic pressure proved that no significance between (obesity class 1) or (obesity class11) group. Similar trend was also noticed in case of variable, diastolic pressure such insignificancy was between overweight and obesity class11.
5.5. Eating habits:
Nutritional behavior data that collected from investigated samples main meal, no .of meals /day ,omitted meal ,If yes what is the omitted meal, Cause of omitted meal ,eating time as well as TV meal and snacks Regarding the eating time as affecting factor on BMI which expresses about true obesity it could be noticed that was significantly affected the BMI of various investigated obesity classes with high correlation .Main meal, no. of meals /day, omitted meal, if yes what is the omitted meal, cause of omitted meal as well as TV meal and snacks had a p-value equal 0.578,0.862,0.682,0.394,0.320 and 0.849,respectively.It means that such items did not show any significance.
5. 6. Anthropometric measurements
Such factors (waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and central obesity) are greatly affect the BMI. meaning that there is a significant difference between various investigated obesity classes owing to such anthropometric factors there is a significant difference between different obesity classes as affected by most of these variables. Regarding to the height parameter, no significant difference was found between (over weight) as well as (obesity class 1) each other, and similar finding was also found between (obesity class 11) as well as (obesity class111). The second variable (i.e. IBW%) had no significant effect between three obesity classes (1,11and111), while overweight group was significantly differed rather than that of others. Considering the central obesity variable, statistical analyses proved that no significant between (over weight) or (obesity class11) group. Similar trend was also noticed in case of variable, that named (hip circumference) but such insignificant was between obesity class1 and obesity class11.
5. 7. Tewenty four-Hour recall:
The nutritional status was assessed using a 24 – hour recall by calculating the amount of taken nutrients using food analysis tables and comparing it with the percentage of intake with the recommended daily allowance (RDA). RDA from various food types that consumed by housewives under study. It could be seen that each investigated parameter was divided in to five categories (less than 50%unsafe, 50 – 75%unacceptable, 75 - 100% acceptable, 100 – 120%adequate and more than 120%overconsumption). It could be seen that the overweight was covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (41.2%) that consume >120% of their RDA from calories. Obesity class I were eating less than their normal needs (32.3%) that consume 75-100% of their RDA from calories. Obesity class II were take their needs (35.1%) that consume 100-120% of their RDA from calories. Obesity class III were covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (34.4%) that consume > 120% of their RDA from calories. Regarding the RDA of protein, the overweight was covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (82.4%). that consume > 120% of their RDA from protein. Obesity class I were covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (81.5%) that consume > 120% of their RDA from protein. Obesity class II were covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (82.5%) that consume > 120% of their RDA from protein. Obesity class III were covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (85.2%) that consume > 120% of their RDA from protein. Regarding the RDA of protein energy ratio, the overweight was covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (47.1%) that consume > 15% of their RDA from protein energy ratio. Obesity class I were taken their needs (49.2%) that consume 10- 15% of their RDA from protein energy ratio. Obesity class II were covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (56.1%) that consume > 15% of their RDA from protein energy ratio. Obesity class III were covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (59%) that consume > 15% of their RDA from protein energy ratio. The RDA of carbohydrate energy ratio , overweight were eating less than their normal needs (64.7%) that consume > 55% of their RDA from carbohydrate energy ratio .Obesity class I were eating less than their normal needs (60%) that consume < 55% of their RDA from carbohydrate energy ratio .Obesity class II were eating less than their normal needs (59.6%) that consume <55% of their RDA from carbohydrate energy ratio .Obesity class III were eating less than their normal needs (78.7%) that consume <55% of their RDA from carbohydrate energy ratio. Regarding the RDA of fat energy ratio, the overweight were eating more than their normal needs (64.7%) that consume ≥30% of their RDA fat energy ratio .Obesity class I were eating more than their normal needs (49.2%) that consume ≥30% of their RDA from fat energy ratio .Obesity class II were eating more than their normal needs (52.6%) that consume ≥30% of their RDA from fat energy ratio .Obesity class III were eating more than their normal needs (63.9%) that consume ≥30% of their RDA from fat energy ratio Regarding the RDA of fiber the overweight shortage of needs is insecure than normal needs (100%)that consume <50% of their RDA from fiber. Obesity class I shortage of needs is insecure than normal needs (96.9%) that consume <50% of their RDA from fiber. Obesity class II shortage of needs is insecure than normal needs (93%) that consume <50% of their RDA from fiber. Obesity class III shortage of needs is insecure than normal needs (98.4%) that consume <50% of their RDA from fiber. Regarding the RDA of micro nutrients indicated the RDA of Calcium, Iron, Zinc, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Phosphorus, Selenium, Vitamin A, Vitamin C, Thiamine and Riboflavin in case of RDA from calcium, the overweight shortage of needs is insecure than normal needs (29.4%) that consume <50% of their RDA from calcium. Obesity class I were eating a safe and acceptable lack of natural needs (29.2%) that consume 75-100% of their RDA from calcium. Obesity class II were eating shortage of needs is insecure than normal needs (28.1%) that consume 50 – 75% of their RDA from calcium. Obesity class III were eating shortage of needs is insecure than normal needs (26.2%) that consume < 50% of their RDA from calcium. The overweight was eating shortage of needs is insecure than normal needs (47.1 %) that consume 50 – 75 % of their RDA from iron. Obesity class I were eating unsafe and unacceptable lack of natural needs (41.5 %) that consume < 50% of their RDA from iron. Obesity class II were eating unsafe and unacceptable lack of natural needs (42.1 %) that consume > 50% of their RDA from iron. Obesity class III were take shortage of needs is insecure than normal needs (41.0 %) that consume50 – 75 % of their RDA from iron. Overweight were covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (35.3 %) that consume > 120 % of their RDA from zinc. Obesity class I were covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (35.4 %) that consume > 120 % of their RDA from zinc. The overweight was take unsafe and unacceptable lack of natural needs (47.1 %) that consume < 50 % of their RDA from Magnesium. Obesity class I were take shortage of needs is in secure than normal needs (41.5 %) that consume 50-75 % of their RDA from Magnesium. Obesity class II were take shortage of needs is in secure than normal needs (47.4 %) that consume 50-75 % of their RDA from Magnesium. Obesity class III were take shortage of needs is in secure than normal needs (37.7 %) that consume < 50% of their RDA from Magnesium. The overweight was covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (64.2%). That consume > 120% of their RDA from Sodium. Obesity class I were covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (46.2 %) that consume > 120 % of their RDA from Sodium. Obesity class II were covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (47.4 %) that consume > 120 % of their RDA from Sodium .Obesity class III were covered in proportion to more than their normal need (44.3%) that consume>120% of their RDA from sodium., The overweight were eating more than their normal needs (47.1 %) that consume > 120 % of their RDA from Potassium. Obesity class I were eating more than their normal needs (41.1 %) that consume > 120 % of their RDA from Potassium. Obesity class II were eating more than their normal needs (50.9 %) that consume > 120 % of their RDA from Potassium. . The overweight was covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (41.2 %) that consume > 120 % of their RDA from Phosphorus. Obesity class I were covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (66.2 %) that consume > 120 % of their RDA from Phosphorus. Obesity class II were covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (56.1 %) that consume > 120 % of their RDA from Phosphorus. Obesity class III were covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (60.7 %) that consume > 120 % of their RDA from Phosphorus. The overweight was take shortage of needs is insecure than normal needs (47.1 %) that consume 50-75 %. Of their RDA from Selenium. Obesity class I were take shortage of needs is in secure than normal needs (41.5 %) that consume 50-75% of their RDA from Selenium. Obesity class II were take shortage of needs is in secure than normal needs (47.4 %) that consume 50-75% of their RDA from Selenium. Obesity class III were take shortage of needs is in secure than normal needs (37.7 %) that consume 50-75% of their RDA from Selenium. The overweight were take unsafe and unacceptable lack of natural needs (52.9%) That consume >50% of their RDA from Vitamin A. Obesity class I were take unsafe and unacceptable lack of natural needs (44.6%) That consume >50% of their RDA from Vitamin A Obesity class II were take unsafe and unacceptable lack of natural needs (49.1%) That consume >50% of their RDA from Vitamin A. Obesity class III were take unsafe and unacceptable lack of natural needs (42.6%) That consume >50% of their RDA from Vitamin A. The overweight were take unsafe and unacceptable lack of natural needs (41.2 %) that consume >50% of their RDA from Vitamin C .Obesity class I were eaten more than their normal needs (43.1 %) that consume > 120 % of their RDA from Vitamin C. Obesity class II were covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (43.9 %) that consume > 120 % of their RDA from Vitamin C .Obesity class III were covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (39.3%) That consume > 120 % of their RDA from Vitamin C. The overweight was take a safe and acceptable lack of natural needs (29.4%) that consume 75-100 % of their RDA from Thiamin. Obesity class I were covered in proportion to more than their normal needs (29.2%) that consume > 120 % of their RDA from Thiamin. Obesity class II were eaten less than their normal needs (26.3%) that consume 50-75% of their RDA from Thiamin. Obesity class III were take their needs (24.6%) that consume 100-120% of their RDA from Thiamin. The overweight was eaten less than their normal needs (58.8%) that consume >50% of their RDA from Riboflavin. Obesity class I were take unsafe and unacceptable lack of nature needs (43.1%) That consume <50% of their RDA from Riboflavin. Obesity class II were take shortage of needs is in secure than normal needs (43.1) That consume <50% of their RDA from Riboflavin. Obesity class III were taken unsafe and unacceptable lack of nature needs (47.5%) that consume <50% of their RDA from Riboflavin. Statistically indicates the daily energy and macronutrient intake of housewives live in great there is insignificant between different. Regarding to calories no significant difference was found between obesity classes. Similar Protein energy ratio, Carbohydrate energy ratio, fat energy ratio and fiber no signify can’t between different obesity classes. Statistically indicates the daily micronutrient intake of housewives live in great Cairo. from this table there is insignificancy can’t between different. . Obesity classes as affecting by most of their variables. Regarding to Vitamin A no significant difference was found between (overweight) as well as (Obesity class III). Each other a vitamin C, no significant between (obesity class I) or (obesity class II) group. Riboflavin, Iron, Zinc, Thiamine and Selenium no significant effect between three obesity classes (I, II and III). Phosphorus similar Calcium was significant effect between three obesity classes (I, II and III). Potassium no significant difference was found between (obesity classes II) as well as (obesity class III). Sodium, overweight group was significantly differed rather than that of others.
5.8. Food frequency questionnaire
Food frequency of different types of food consumed by four obesity classes (overweight and obesity class (I, II and III)), grains and starch, meat and substitutes, milk and dairy products, vegetables, fruits, fats and sweets as well as beverages were major types of food that followed in this study.
Regarding to overweight groups, grains and starch, The majority (87.5%) consumed sugar less than 3 times per daily, Meat and substitutes, The majority (70.6%) consumed liver and organs monthly, Milk and dairy products ,More than 3 times per weekly (56.3%) consumed yoghurt, Vegetables ,Green vegetables leaves were consumed three times or more weekly by almost (76.5%) of subjects, Fruits, Fresh fruits were consumed (76.5%) more than 3 times per weekly, Fats and sweets, Oil vegetable and oil hydrogenated were consumed by (94.1%) , Beverages, The majority (56.3%) consumed tea less than 3 times daily. Regarding to obesity class I group , Grains and starch ,The majority (78.5%) consumed balady bread three times or less daily, Meat and substitutes, The majority (56.9%) consumed fish 3 times or less weekly, Milk and dairy products ,The majority (65.6%) didn’t consumed skimmed milk never, Vegetables ,The majority (67.7%) consumed green vegetables leaves three times or more weekly, Vegetables ,The majority (67.7%) consumed green vegetables leaves three times or more weekly, Fruits, The vast majority (53.8%) consumed fresh fruits less more than 3 Beverages, Tea was consumed by about (69.4%) three times or less daily. Regarding to obesity class II group , Grain and starch, Sugar and balady bread and rice, macaroni was consumed by (83.6%) and (75.4%) and (68.4%) respectively three times or less daily, Meat and substitutes, The majority (57.1%) consumed poultry three times or more weekly, Milk and dairy product, Milk full cream and White Chees and Kareesh Chees were consumed by (42.6%) and (27.9%) respectively three times or less daily, Vegetables, The vast majority (71.4%) consumed green vegetables leaves more than three times weekly . Fruits, the majority (77.2%) didn’t consume canned juice never fresh was consumed three times or more weekly by almost (49.1%) of subjects, Fats and Sweets, Oil vegetable and oil hydrogenated were consumed by (84.2%) and (56.1%) respective Three times or less weekly, Beverages, the majority (65.5%) consumed tea three times or less daily. Regarding to obesity class III group , Grain and Starch, The majority (86.9%) consumed balady bread three times or less weekly, Meat and Substitutes, The majority (66.7%) consumed poultry three times or more weekly, Milk and dairy Products, The majority (58.2%) percent didn’t consume skimmed milk never, Vegetables, The majority (59.0%) consumed green vegetables leaves three times or more weekly, Fruits, canned juice didn’t consumed by (58.0%) never, Fats and Sweets, The majority (80%) consumed oil vegetables three times or less daily, Beverages, The majority (70.5%) consumed tea three times or less daily.