الفهرس 
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Abstract
The high efficient sprinkler irrigation system had become more desirable since 1950s instead of traditional irrigation system to improve the water application. The sprinkler irrigation uniformity is affected by many engineering design factors such as nozzle characteristic, operating pressure and raiser height.
A. The aim of this study:
To minimize losses of sprinkler irrigation system by increasing sprinkler irrigation system besides decreasing the cost without missing the hydraulic design properties of the system. So the objectives were:
• Improving sprinkler irrigation system performance by studying the effect of nozzle characteristics, changing velocityand overlapping on sprinkler performance.
• Increasing sprinklers performance at different raiser heights and overlapping ratio to decrease the total annual cost and apply water efficiently.
B. The Methodology of the Experiments:
1. Laboratory Experiments: between 2017-2019 in The National Laboratory for Testing the Components of Irrigation Networks and Field Drainage, Agricultural Engineering Research Institute AEnRI, ARC.
• Test the performance of the sprinkler under different nozzles characteristics and roughness connectors (P) at different operating pressure.
• Design nozzle No 7 (low pressure) and roughness connector.
2. Field Experiments: between 2018-2020 Faculty of Agriculture,Cairo University
• Test Sprinkler performance of new designed nozzle and roughness connector under different overlapping and raiser height.
C. Studied Variables
Sprinklers (circle orifice (no1:3), Square orifice (no 4:6) and designed nozzle no 7) at different Operating pressure (150, 175, 200, 225 and 250 kPa),
Roughness connector (P1, P2, P3, P4, P5),
Overlapping (50 and 70%) and
Raiser height (0.5, 1m).
D. The results were found:
Theresult of different nozzles was focused on the highest performance comprisable between different nozzles.
Flow rate:
It was found that nozzle no (3) had 1 m3/h at operating pressure 200 kPa and roughness connector (P4) increase the flow to 1.1 m3/h. the result of nozzle no (7) was 0.46 m3/h at operating pressure 150 kPa.
Coverage radius:
It was found that nozzle no (7) had 7.4 m at operating pressure 150 kPa and at operating pressure 200 kPa and for nozzle no (3-P4) had 13.6 m at operating pressure 200 kPa.
Rotation speed:
It was found that nozzle no (7) had about 5 rpm at operating pressure 150 kPa and nozzle no (3-P4) had 6 rpm at operating pressure 200 kPa.
Christiansen coefficient:
It was found that nozzle no (7) achieved acceptable uniformity of 73.1% under overlapping 50% with raiser height 0.5m at operating pressure 150 kPa and for nozzle no (3-P4) achieved acceptable uniformity of 75.4% under overlapping 70% with raiser height 1m at operating pressure 200 kPa.
Distribution uniformity:
It was found that nozzle no (7) achieved 57.3 % uniformity under overlapping 50% with raiser height 0.5m at operating pressure 150 kPa and for nozzle no (3-P4) achieved 64.6 % uniformity under overlapping 70% with raiser height 1m at operating pressure 200 kPa.
Precipitation rate:
It was found that nozzle no (7) applied 3.9 mm/h uniformity under overlapping 50% with raiser height 0.5m at operating pressure 150 kPa and for nozzle no (3-P4) applied 24.24 mm/h under overlapping 70% with raiser height 1m at operating pressure 200 kPa.
Layout evaluation:
It was found that nozzle no. 7 (low-pressure) saving energy per 1 m3 water volume was 50 kJ/m3 than nozzle no. (3-P4) (medium pressure).
It was found that nozzle no (3-P4) saving construction cost by 12.2% than nozzle no (7). where the number of used sprinklers on nozzle no (3-P4) layout used 140 sprinkler/10 fad and nozzle no (7) layout 560 sprinkler/10 fad. Also, the main line was beginning with 125 mm for nozzle no (7) and 110 mm for nozzle no (3-P4).
Using nozzle no (3-P4) layout was saving number of operating hours by 86.3%. It was found that there was significant difference 0.016 between nozzle no (7) and nozzle no (3-P4) of ANOVA test.
E. The future recommendations of this study:
• Use nozzle no (3) the circle orifice with outer diameter 5 mm as medium-pressure nozzle and (7) the circle orifice with three slots and the outer diameter of one of the 1.9 mm as low-pressure nozzle to increase the sprinkler irrigation system performance.
• Use nozzle no (3) with the roughness connector (P4) to increase the sprinkler performance with overlapping ratio 70% and 1m raiser height.
• Use nozzle no (7) to improve the sprinkler performance with overlapping ratio 50% and 0.5 m raiser height