الفهرس 
AbstractOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 131 |  |  |
| | | from | 131 | | |
Abstract
Abstract : The broad objective of the thesis is to analyze J. D. Salinger’s Franny and Zooey from a Stylistico-pragmatic perspective. Stylistics and pragmatics are subfields of linguistics. The two fields are different from each other, but they are interrelated. Stylistics is concerned with the study of the style that the writer/speaker is trying to communicate whereas pragmatics is concerned with the study of the meaning that the writer/speaker is trying to communicate. Stylistics focuses on the way people do things, and pragmatics focuses on the study of the uses and users of language in social interaction. Stylistics is commonly known as that discipline which bridges the gap between linguistics and literature. The broad objective is divided into the following specific objectives : • To explain the aspects of meaning that cannot be found in the plain sense of words or structures, but in the deep structure, which tends to be known as the implied meaning. • To investigate the effective use of diexes and how that reflects the writer’s style to communicate certain thoughts. • To analyze speech acts and how that reflects the writer’s choice of these linguistic items. The following study falls into three main chapters preceded by an introductory chapter and concluded by a conclusion. The introductory chapter is about the theoretical framework of the study. It includes the objectives, literature review, significance of the study, scope of the study, background about pragmatics and stylistics, and background about J. D. Salinger and his novella Franny and Zooey. Chapter two is about diexes, its kinds, its relationships with other linguistic branches, and its application to the novel Franny and Zooey. Chapter three is an investigation of implicature, its types, its maxims, and its application to the novel Franny and Zooey. Chapter four is about speech acts, its levels, its categories, and its application to Fanny and Zooey. This thesis concentrates on analyzing the dominant stylistic-pragmatic features that help unveil the main themes in J. D. Salinger’s Franny and Zooey. The study will be within the field of pragmastylistics or the pragmatics of style. The Novel Franny and zooey is rich stylistically and pragmatically. It consists of four acts. The analysis will be mainly of the most important parts of the novel. This research work focuses on deixis, implicature, and speech act theory. This thesis is conducted to study the pragmatic and stylistic aspects in J. D. Salinger’s Franny and Zooey in order to find out deixis, implicature, and speech act theory that are used skillfully by the author in the novel. Pragmatics is one of the essential branches of language. Its importance lies in the fact that it studies the ways in which meaning is understood through the context. That is to say, it is concerned with the study of language in use. Pragmatics encompasses deixis, conversational implicature, speech acts theory, cooperative principle, presuppositions, and politeness. The current study focuses on the first three above mentioned categories of pragmatics. Deixis is one of the most important topics that categorized under the domain called pragmatics. The deictic elements depend largely on the context in which they are used. Deixis is intended to mean pointing and any linguistic feature intended to achieve the process of pointing is known as deictic expression. In the J. D. Salinger’s Franny and Zooey, the deictic referents are used to enrich the meaning of the novel and reveal the style of the writer. The writer uses different kinds of deixis including personal deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, and discourse deixis as well as anaphoric and cataphoric expressions. The novel is full of deictic markers such as I, you, we, they, he, she, there, here, this, that, these, those, today, yesterday, tomorrow, then etc. ”I wish we had them here”, ”I’m marvellous now”, ”don’t look at me that way” and ”there was an expression on his face” can be taken as a sample of the many examples of deictic expressions used throughout the novel. Implicature is also one of the main categories of pragmatics. It is first postulated by philosopher Paul Grice in 1975. His notion of implicature is regarded as a crucial contribution in the field of pragmatics. Implicature refers to the notion that what is said is different what is implicated. It is not literally expressed, but it rather refers to the implied meaning of the utterance. The implictures that are conveyed through the utterances by the characters are identified, and the intended meanings are described. Understanding the implicatures that are brought in the novel helps the readers to understand the hidden meanings, and minimizes their misunderstanding about certain utterances, and reflects the good style that is used by Salinger. The writer uses the two main types of implicature in the novel: conventional and conversational implicatures. The four conversational maxims (maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of relation, and maxim of manner) are also used during the conversational settings throughout the novel. And they have been flouted in different places in the novel. Obviously, context play a very important role in revealing the meaning of an utterance. Speech acts theory is one of the subdivisions of pragmatics, and it also has something to do with the theory of communication. It is first postulated by philosopher J. L. Austin in 1975. Speech acts theory is dealt with the process of doing things with words. In other words, it has is concerned with communicating actions rather than communicating expressions. The novel is constructed of many kinds and levels of speech acts such as locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, perlocutionary acts, direct speech acts, indirect speech acts, etc. there are also many examples of commucincative speech such as constatives, commisives, directives, and expressives. All these aspects of speech acts are investigated and analyzed. Therefore, it is concluded that they enrich the meanings that are depicted in the novel and make the process of understanding easier. The deictic expressions and the implied meanings in the conversations reflect Franny’s spiritual breakdown and the Glass family’s search for religion, celebrity and education. They also reflect the nature of the relationship among the members of the Glass family: the children are seen as more intelligent than their parents. However, the children keep telling themselves that their parents must be loved and respected. It can be also said that the Glass family is a family of extreme intellectualism. Moreover, much of the Franny’s spiritual collapse is the result of experiences at college. The author highlights that people with such great egos and weak wills should be respected. The relationship between the Glass family and other people are also highlighted. In brief, all these meanings and implications are revealed through the use of linguistic items such as deixis, implicature and speech acts.