الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of the virtual classroom environment in developing translation skills for open education students. According to the communicative theory in translation of Newmark, which holds that the purpose of translation is to give the readers of the translated text the same feeling that the readers of the original text feel in terms of clarity, fluency and brevity, and the socio-constructivism theory of the Vikostky Which included the idea that human development has a social ground in which language is used as a medium and that knowledge is accomplished through interaction with others.
To achieve the objectives of the study, a quasi-experimental design was used for one group. Thirty-five Egyptian students enrolled in the translation program at the Open Education Center at Cairo University in the year 2019/2020 were randomly selected. To test the hypotheses, five tools were applied for ten weeks using descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze the data quantitatively and qualitatively. The tools included: a translation skills questionnaire, a pre / posttest for translation skills, assessment forms, a student reflection record, and a satisfaction questionnaire for the participating students.
The data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively to verify the study hypotheses, so descriptive and inferential statistical methods were used, including: Mean to identify the average scores of students in each skill of translation skills, as well as the average of students ’ responses to the satisfaction questionnaire with the program, and the standard deviation to determine the extent of dispersion of degrees or responses Students about its arithmetic mean and a paired sample. t-test to identify the significance of the differences between the experimental group scores in the pre and post measurement, ETA square (η2) where the effect size was calculated using the ETA square to identify the effect size of the proposed program on improving translation skills, and McGuigan Gain Ratio to determine the percentage of gain achieved by the proposed program on improving translation skills and iterations and percentages for analyzing the study sample responses to the program satisfaction questionnaire. The results of the study were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Twenty-fifth edition.
The main result of the experiment indicated that teaching through the virtual classroom environment was of great importance in developing students’ translation skills from English into Arabic and vice versa, as indicated in the results of the applied tools. Moreover, students showed great satisfaction with the proposed program.
1.1. Statement of the Problem
The students of the Open education translation program show low level in written translation skills, which is considered an obstacle in making a good translator. from this point, it was an urge to search this problem and to find more advanced means of instruction based on modern technology that take into account the characteristics of the Open Learning and has the ability to transfer the subject material in a new way allows the open learning students to participate actively, and communicate with the professors in an interactive way in order to develop their written translation skills needed for being a good and perfect translator.
Therefore, this study investigates the effectiveness of virtual classroom environment, as a modern technology; in developing translation skills. As the researcher attributes the students’ low level in these skills to the following:
1- the implementation of the traditional way of teaching
2- the limited number of the lectures and the depending on the one way of the communication channel (the E-mail, the television, the CDs)
3- The lack of interactive teaching methods.
1.2. Research Questions
The current study attempts to answer the following main question
What is the effectiveness of a proposed program based on virtual classroom environment in developing translation skills for open education students?
In attempting to answer the above question, the following sub-questions will also be answered
1. What are the required translation skills for open education students?
2. What are the characteristics of a proposed program based on virtual classroom environment to develop translation skills for open education students?
3. To what extent is a proposed program based on the virtual classroom environment effective in developing open education students’ translation skills?
4. How far are the open education students satisfied with the proposed program based on the virtual classroom environment?
Purposes of the Study
The current study aimed at:
1. Designing a proposed program in English based on virtual classroom environment for the development of translation skills for open education students, English translation program.
2. Identification of translation skills for open education students, English translation program.
3. Assessing the effectiveness of a proposed program based on a virtual classroom environment in developing translation skills for open education students, English translation program.
Variables of the study
1. The independent variable: a proposed program based on a virtual classroom environment
2. The dependent variable: Translation skills
Significance of the Study
1. The study seeks to find solutions to some problems facing the open education students in translation skills through using virtual classroom environment.
2. The development of open Education students’ ability to translate various texts.
3. This study may be useful for stakeholders of open education systems in the design of similar proposed programs, serving all areas.
4. Supporting the understanding of language professors of how to prepare subject material, organizing it, and methods of evaluating student’ performance online.
Method of the study
This study is a quasi-experimental study with a pre and posttests.
Participants of the study
The participants of this study were thirty-five Egyptian Open Education students enrolled in the Translation Program at the Open Learning Centre, Cairo University in year 2019/2020. They were randomly chosen.
For the purpose of the study, ethical considerations of the research were taken into consideration before the study commenced. The researcher explained to the participants the purpose of the study. They were asked to send their personal data including their names, phone numbers, and email address if they agreed to participate in the program, and those who submitted their data were the only students who were added to the virtual classroom.
Tools of the study
The following tools were used in this study:
1. Translation Skills Questionnaire
2. Pre/post EFL Translation skills test
3. Rubrics
4. Reflection log for students.
5. Participants’ satisfaction questionnaire
Delimitations of the Study
This study is limited to
• group of open Education students
• This study is limited to apply the program based on virtual classroom environment during only one semester
• This study is limited to apply the program based on virtual classrooms on written translation skills.
Recommendations
In light of the results of the study, the following recommendations are appropriate:
Using the traditional learning method has many benefits for both teachers and students. Teachers can handle different classes at the same time. Students, especially open education students, will be interested in using such a method of learning as they do not have to attend classes, and can communicate with the relevant course teacher and other students. Some students who have to work simultaneously can attend schools and universities that have virtual learning environments. The results could be applicable to institutions and universities, in a way that enables them to use the results of this study to train teachers and teachers to teach translation skills courses via virtual methods. Theme designers can also use the results to create virtual textures as book replacements. Thematic materials can be supported with videos, 3D environments, power points, documents and PDFs.