الفهرس 
HypertensionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Affecting one billion people worldwide, hypertension remains the most common readily identifiable and reversible risk factor of myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure.According to 2018 ESC guidelines of hypertension management, Hypertension is defined as values ≥140 mmHg SBP and/ or 90mmHg DBP, based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that in patients with this BP values treatment – induced BP reductions are beneficial.In clinical practice, echocardiography should be considered in hypertensive patients in different clinical contexts, it may refine the risk evaluation by detecting LVH undetected by ECG and Hypertension-induced diastolic dysfunction ( which is associated with concentric geometry and can induce symptoms/signs of heart failure, even when ejection fraction (EF) is still normal (heart failure with preserved EF)Arterial hypertension is a cardinal precursor of congestive heart failure, and diastolic dysfunction is the most frequent mechanism for it. Systolic left ventricular dysfunction, although less frequent, has a worse prognosis.The early detection of subclinical systolic dysfunction is valuable information for implementing interventions for prevention and control of progression of heart failure.LV emptying during systole is a result of shortening of LV myocardial fibers in longitudinal, circumferential and radial axis. Thus understanding of alterations in regional myocardial shortening in three different axes is of great importance in identification, quantification and prognostication of patients with myocardial dysfunction Echocardiography strain imaging (deformation imaging) has emerged as a novel method to quantify myocardial strain in different axis, to evaluate components of myocardial function, such as longitudinal myocardial shortening, that are not visually assessable; it allows comprehensive assessment of myocardial function. Speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) is a new noninvasive ultrasound imaging technique that allows for an objective and quantitative evaluation of global and regional myocardial Function independently from the angle of insonation and from cardiac translational movements.Before the introduction of this sophisticated echocardiography technique, only tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) had enabled an accurate analysis of the several deformation components that characterize myocardial dynamics.