الفهرس 
Chapter 1: IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Recently, environmental considerations is one of the priorities in the designing and building of economically appropriate materials and processes particularly in chemical and petroleum industry to reduce harmful substances. In this respect, ionic liquid approach is developed to synthesis mesoporous cubic HfMCM-48 catalyst. The incorporation of Hf4+ onto a MCM-48 framework with Si/Hf molar ratio of 30, 90 and 150 was prepared using tri-ethylamine hafnium pentachloride ionic liquid as a novel hafnium precursor. The as prepared catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transfer infrared (FT-IR), N2- adsorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the surface acidity was
tested by temperature programmed desorption (NH3-TPD) of ammonia. The catalytic performance was of these HfMCM-48 catalysts have been conducted on the desired reaction: the esterification of acetic acid with n-butanol and n-C7 isomerization reaction. Our findings indicated that HfMCM-48 prepared by ionic liquid approach offered distinct structural and surface features, particulary in terms of Brönsted and Lewis acid site contents. As compared with SO4 2-/HfMCM-48 (direct ionic liquid) and SO4 2-/HfMCM-48 (direct), SO4 2-/HfMCM-48 prepared by post ionic liquid exhibited higher yield percentage of n-butyl acetate. Furthermore, Pd/SO4 2-/HfMCM-48 catalyst prepared by post ionic liquid shows high isomerization activities. While, the catalyst Pd/SO4 2-/HfMCM-48 prepared by direct method shows low isomerization conversion.