الفهرس 
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Abstract
The current work was conducted to evaluate the current status of most endemic diseases affecting cattle in Egypt (FMD) and find out the causes of its endemicity and risk factors associated (RFs) with the disease from 2006- 2018. A structured questionnaire was established for primary data collection through a field survey of cattle farms from 21 governorates. from a total of 1197 examined cattle, prevalence (18%) only manifested clinical signs. The highest prevalence 52.3% was recorded in Gharbia, Luxor (50%), Beheyra (48%) and Qalyobia 31.2%. Serotype O reported a high number in Behayra, Dakahlya, Banisuif, and Kafr Elsheik and predominated with recording higher number of the three circulating FMD serotypes in investigated 21 governorates 238 out of a total 531 (44.82%).The absence of animal isolation, sharing instruments, absence of personnel hygiene, absence of farm periodic cleaning, improper disposing of carcasses were significantly increased FMD prevalence in smallholder farms and two of large farms. Lack of awareness about vaccination increased prevalence % significantly. The identified causes and RFs associated with the (FMD) endemicity in Egypt were vaccination of cattle, low level of biosecurity, lack of farmer’s awareness about disease vaccination necessity, uncontrolled markets and movement, temporal (spring) and spatial distributions (Delta) .The second reported endemic disease in the current study was Lumpy skin disease LSD. The total examined cattle were 326 with clinically manifested cases 95 with annual prevalence 29% from 17 governorates. Delta region recorded the highest numbers of clinically manifested animals (Kafr-el sheikh and Dakahlya). In Upper, Egypt, Quena was highly affected by LSD. The highest recorded numbers and prevalence % of outbreaks were in summer 365 during 2006-2018 (311in 2006). Keeping animals in an open system, using drinking tap water, and sharing watering points ,mixed Barseem with concentrates for feed, closest of markets to farms, repeated farmer’s visits to markets, the biting-fly, the absence of periodic cleaning of pens, absence of animal isolation , and personnel hygiene, improper disposing of carcasses and lack of awareness with irregular or absence of vaccination, and age (more than two years old) and dairy significantly increased LSD prevalence % and associated with (LSD) endemicity (risk factors).