الفهرس 
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Abstract
Venipuncture for pediatric patients and their families is a devastating medical, emotional and physical problem. For hospitalized children, blood taking/drawing is one of the most terrifying and distressing nursing procedures. Needlestick pain is awful for children and their families than the disease itself. Cryotherapy is a method for non-pharmacological pain management that has been used for decades. The current research aimed to evaluate the effect of cryotherapy at venipuncture site on pain intensity among children undergoing blood sampling.
One group pre-posttest quasi-experimental research design was utilized to achieve the aim of current study. The group was treated as a study group and its control group at the same time. The sample consisted of all available preschool-age children undergoing blood sampling procedures over six months period (the total number was 60 children) who admitted to the pediatric medical unit at Minia University Hospital for Obstetrics and Pediatrics (MUHOP). A standardized interview questionnaire created by the study investigator, the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale, CHEOPS, and the Vital Signs Recording Sheet, collected the required data.
The main results of the current study revealed that mean age of the studied children was 4.6 ± .9 years, 60% of the children were male, and 67% came from rural areas. More than one third (36.7%) of the studied children diagnosed as having diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. The mother’s presence and playing with other children were the mean measures that reduce pain in the hospital, as replied by 100% and 55% respectively of the studied children. Two-thirds (66.7%) of the children had venipuncture from dorsal hand veins, whereas 33.3% had venipuncture from forearm veins. The total mean score of the faces pain rating scale among children before the application of cryotherapy on the venipuncture site was 7.2 ± 2.2, which decreased to 2.2 ± 1.8 after the application of cryotherapy. The total mean score of CHEOPS among children before the utilization of cryotherapy was 12.2 ± .75, reduced to 5.9 ± 1.2 after the application of cryotherapy. Highly statistically significant differences were detected among children regarding the total mean scores of faces pain rating scale and CHEOPS before and after the application of cryotherapy. Highly statistically important differences were found between the overall mean Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale score of children after cryotherapy application and their age (p=<0.001). Before applying cryotherapy (r=-.490, P=<.0001 & r=-.30, P=<0.05 respectively), there were statistically important negative associations between the age of children and the overall mean CHEOPS and Face Pain Rating Scale score.
The current study results concluded that total mean scores of Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale and CHEOPS among children were decreased significantly after the application of cryotherapy on the venipuncture site. Differences between overall mean respiratory rate, heart rate, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure among the studied children before and after cryotherapy were highly statistically important. It was also concluded that cryotherapy effectively diminishes pain intensity at the venipuncture site among preschool children undergoing blood sampling.