الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a chronic hyperglycemic condition resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Permantent neonatal diabetes in caused by glucokinase deficiency, and is an inborn error of the glucose insulin signaling path way. It defined diabetes mellitus is a disease resulting from a lake of insulin action. Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas. Without it, sugar in the food cannot be converted into glucose in the blood and spills out into the urine. Diabetes is the world’s largest endocrine disease associated with increased morbidity and mortality rate. Diabetes mellitus is also associated with long term complications including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and angiopathy and several others. Diabetes mellitus (GDM) is as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy, whether insulin or only diet modification is used for treatment and whether or not the condition persists after pregnancy. There are many types of diabetes, including type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, secondary diabetes and pre-diabetes.
In general, the classic symptoms of untreated diabetes appear to be excessive thirst (polydipsia), excessive hunger or appetite (excessive eating), excessive urination (urination) numbness and unexplained weight loss. Symptoms may develop rapidly (a week or months) in T1DM, while they usually develop more slowly and may be subtle or absent in T2DM, and many other signs and symptoms can indicate the onset of diabetes even though they are not disease-specific. In addition to the things known above, they include, blurry vision, tingling or pain in the feet, legs, or hands, slow healing of sores, fatigue, lethargy or drowsiness. A number of the rashes that can occur in diabetes are collectively known as diabetic dermatoses. After many years, diabetes can lead to other serious problems.
The study was conducted on type 2 diabetes by using the gut microbiota (probiotics and prebiotics) for some of its sources, which are gum Arabic and yogurt in different proportions, The human body contains trillions of microorganisms that inhabit our bodies during and after birth . During the pregnancy, infant’s intestinal tract is free of microbes until exposed to maternal vaginal microbes during normal birth. Infants born through Caesarian section are exposed to maternal skin bacteria altering their bacterial gut composition. The large intestine contains the highest number of bacteria containing over 1011 bacteria per gram of intestinal content. The mouth contains 1012 followed by the Ileum containing 108 -109 bacteria. On the other hand, the jejunum harbors 105-106 while the stomach has the least number of bacteria 103-104. The GI microbiota is also crucial to the de novo synthesis of essential vitamins which the host is incapable of producing. Lactic acid bacteria are key organisms in the production of vitamin B12, which cannot be synthesized by either animals, plants or fungi . Bifidobacteria are main producers of folate, a vitamin involved in vital host metabolic processes including DNA synthesis and repair,shown to synthesis in humans, include vitamin K, riboflavin, biotin, nicotinic acid, panthotenic acid, pyridoxine and thiamine. Colonic bacteria can also metabolisem bile acids that are not reabsorbed for biotransformation to secondary bile acids. All of these factors will influence host health. For example, an alteration of the co-metabiolism of bile acids, branched fatty acids, choline, vitamins (i.e. niacin), purines and phenolic compounds has been associated with the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type2 diabetes.
This study was conducted to study the effect of different concentrations of gum Arabic powder and fat free yogurt on rats suffering from diabetes. The effect of different concentrations of gum Arabic powder and skim yogurt (5% and 5%) on diabetes rats on the biological, biochemical and histological changes of male albino rats were evaluated. Some physiological characteristics such as (blood lipid level, liver function, kidney function, blood glucose levels, complete blood count, body weight gain, feed intake and feeding efficiency ratio were also measured in the tested albino rats.