الفهرس 
ObesityOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease that results from the inappropriate control of the body’s energy balance due to overfeeding and/or a sedentary way of life. It is a state of excess adipose tissue mass. Although often viewed as equivalent to increased body weight, this need not be the case-lean but very muscular individuals may be overweight by numerical standards without having increased adiposity. Body weights are distributed continuously in populations, so that choice of a medically meaningful distinction between lean and obese is somewhat arbitrary. Obesity is therefore more effectively defined by assessing its linkage to morbidity or mortality. Although not a direct measure of adiposity, the most widely used method to gauge obesity is the body mass index (BMI), which is equal to weight/height2 (in kg/m2). Other approaches to quantifying obesity include anthropometry (skin-fold thickness), densitometry (underwater weighing), CT or MRI, and electrical impedance. Using data from the Metropolitan Life Tables, BMIs for the midpoint of all heights and frames among both men and women range from 19–26 kg/m2; at a similar BMI, women have more body fat than men. Based on data of substantial morbidity, a BMI of 30 is most commonly used as a threshold for obesity in both men and women. Large-scale epidemiologic studies suggest that all-cause, metabolic, cancer, and cardiovascular morbidity begin to rise (albeit at a slow rate) when BMIs are ≥25, suggesting that the cut-off for obesity should be lowered. Most authorities use the term overweight (rather than obese) to describe individuals with BMIs between 25 and 30. A BMI between 25 and 30 should be viewed as medically significant and worthy of therapeutic intervention, especially in the presence of risk factors that are influenced by adiposity, such as hypertension and glucose intolerance. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are more than one billion overweight adults in the world. At least 300 million of them are clinically obese and of these about 115 million come from developing countries. Egypt, a developing country, is undergoing rapid urbanization changes. This has a direct impact on its people’s dietary habits and physical activity patterns. According to national studies, it is common to skip meals and to replace them with daily snacks, and most of these snacks are high in calories and low in nutrients. So, Egypt appeared in No. 8 ranking among the countries of the world where obesity - adult prevalence rate, 30.3%
Industrialization of agriculture in the Arab world represent a large proportion of waste was estimated at 18.14 million tonnes per year and represent remnants of fruit and vegetables manufacture about 6.14% of this amount. Waste in the food industry is characterized by a high ratio of product-specific waste. This not only means that the generation of this waste is unavoidable, but also that the amount and kind of waste produced, which consists primarily of the organic residue of processed raw materials, can scarcely be altered if the quality of the finished product is to remain consistent. The utilization and disposal of product specific waste is difficult, due to its inadequate biological stability, its potentially pathogenic nature, its high water content, its potential for rapid autoxidation, as well as its high level of enzymatic activity. The diverse types of waste generated by various branches of the food industry can be quantified based upon each branches’ respective level of production.
Orange is the citrus (Citrus sinensis L.) and an evergreen flowering tree. Orange trees are widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates for the delicious sweet fruit, which is peeled or cut (to avoid the bitter rind) and eaten whole, or processed to extract orange juice, and also for the fragrant peel. Citrus is most commonly thought of as a good source of vitamin C. However, like most other whole foods, citrus fruits also contain an impressive list of other essential nutrients, including both glycaemic and non-glycaemic carbohydrate (sugars and fiber), potassium, folate, calcium, thiamin, niacin, vitamin B6, phosphorus, magnesium, copper, riboflavin, pantothenic acid and a variety of phytochemicals. In addition, citrus contains no fat or sodium and, being a plant food, no cholesterol.
Banana belongs to the family Musaceae and genus musa, Musa SPP., which has already provided human with food, tools and shelter prior to recorded history. Its play an important role in the economy and food security of many wet tropical regions in the world. Peels represent about 30 – 40 g / 100 g of fruit weight. Significant quantities of banana peels equivalent to 40% of the total weight fresh banana are generated as a waste product in industries producing banana based products .
Tomato juice represents one of the most important vegetable juice with respect to per capita consumption. Such as reported by about 3-7% of the raw material is lost as waste during tomato juice processing. Tomato pomace consists of the dried and crushed skins and seeds of the fruit. Lycopene is the principal carotenoids causing the characteristic red hue of tomatoes. Most of the lycopene is associated with the water-insoluble fraction and the skin. Therefore, skin extracts are especially rich in lycopene.