الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Stress is defined as a basic or perceived threat to the homeostasis of an organism. Stress is a major problem of the modern life, which led to changes in endocrine and reproductive functions along with the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Male fertility depends on the production of a large number of spermatozoa by spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis is essential for sexual reproduction. This process depends on pituitary gonadotropins, follicle stimulanting hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) as well as adequate testosterone concentrations.
Both acute and chronic stress are able to cause disruption of male reproduction. Beside to the increase in adrenal corticosteroids, chronic stress induces suppression of testosterone secretion, libido and spermatogenesis in males, thus lowering fecundity in men.
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the most popular food spices known among Asian and African people for long periods. It includes versatile range of active constituents such as volatile oils, proteolytic enzymes, vitamins, and trace elements. These constituents gave ginger the priority to be used in many diseases as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant modulator.
The strong antioxidant and protection abilities of ginger to biological tissues and cell membrane lipids against toxicity occur via free radical scavenging activity in a dose dependent manner. So, this increases its tendency to be used in various experimental models as a protective agent against various toxicants.
The present work was aimed to study the effect of chronic variable stress on the testis of the adult albino rat and the possible role of ginger in protection and treatment and the possibility of recovery from this effect after stopping treatment.