الفهرس 
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of urine abnormalities among primary school children and to spot light on the role of dipstick as a screening tool for early detection and prevention of progressive renal diseases in Alsanta district Gharbiya Governorate.
Two schools were involved in the study by simple random sampling technique.
The present study was done on apparently healthy children of both sexes, and with different age groups from six to twelve years. The study was performed on 500 children 276 male and 224 female. Out of them there was 450 from rural area and 50 from urban area.
Questionnaire of two parts was prepared to assess sociodemographic data and risk factors for urine abnormalities (personal, present, past and family history) of the studied group. First part; to asses socio-economic status according to Fahmy et al., (81) Second part; to assess risk factors among students; included questions about:
1. Personal history: name, age, sex, telephone number.
2. Present history: dysuria, frequency, abdominal pain, hematuria, fever and edema
3. Past history: of urinary tract infection, nocturnal enuresis, any renal disorder, pharyngitis, drug intake as pencillin, cephalosporin, sulfonamide, and if there was contact with canal water.
4. Family history of urinary abnormalities.
Clinical examination: General and local examination for chest, heart and abdomen to exclude chronic or urinary diseases.
Dipstick test was done for all selected children showing urine abnormalities in (16.8%). The most prevalent abnormality detected by dipstick in this study was presence of RBCS (7.6%), then leukocytes (6.4%), then protein (3%) and Nitrite (1.6%).
Chemical and microscopic urine analysis was done to positive dipstick cases and considered that it is positive results if:
1- Protein was found.
2- Red blood cells count 5 or more.
3- White blood cells count 10 or more.
4- Presence of Nitrite (44).
Results of microscopic urine examination of children, who tested positive by dipstick test showed (25%) had pyurea which represent (4.2%) from total students in the study, and (9.5%) had hematuria which represent (1.6%) from total students and crystals (59.5%) which represent (10%) from total students. The most prevalent abnormality detected in microscopic urine examination was crystalluria.
For Students who were positive in microscopic urine analysis for pyuria or nitrite, urine culture was performed and the causative organism was detected.
Urine culture was done for 28 student (4.8%) and showed the commonest organism was Escherichia coli (78.57%) followed by Klebsiella (7.14%) which may be due to defective toilet cleaning methods as E coli is a normal commensal in the intestine and with improper hygiene it can pass easily to urinary tract.
Renal function test was done to all cases with puyria, nitrite and hematuria to assess renal functions and all showed normal renal functions.