الفهرس 
Review of LiteratureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 104 |  |  |
| | | from | 104 | | |
Abstract
Early identification of urine abnormalities (hematuria, proteinuria, leukocyturia, and nitrituria in urine) in children and adolescents is an important initial step in the prevention of chronic kidney diseases (CKD).
The dipstick tests are a simple, cheap, and useful tool for early detecting urinary abnormalities
Abnormal urine analysis may be the first sign of glomerular disease among apparently healthy or asymptomatic subjects, in the hope of preventing and retarding progression to chronic renal failure, it may show red blood cells (damage or inflammation), white blood cells (inflammation), or increased protein level (glomerular damage)
This study was designed to assess and study urine abnormalities among asymptomatic primary school children in El-Hamoul District in Kafr El-sheikh governorate.
This cross-section study was carried out from October 2019 to October 2020 on 500 children of both sexes and from two primary schools(rural and urban). Those children were healthy and aged 6 to 12years. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the faculty of medicine, Menoufia University. An official permission letter was obtained from the authorities and directed to Educational Administration in EL-Hamoul district. Written consents were granted by the headmasters of two schools. The parents were announced in advance about the screening test and informed consent was obtained.
The children included in the study were subjected to:
2. A questionnaire of two parts to assess sociodemographic data and risk factors for urine abnormalities.
3. Complete history tacking.
4. Complete physical examination.
5. we have done the following investigations:
- Dipstick urine analysis for all the 500 children.
- Microscopic urine analysis for positive dipstick cases.
- Urine culture for positive cases for pyuria and nitrituria
- Renal function for positive hematuria and positive pyuria by urine culture.
In this study 262cases (52.4%) were males while 238 cases (47.6%) were females and from 500 selected children, 450 (90%) were from the rural area and 50 (10%) from urban areas, also the studied group was from different socioeconomic status.