الفهرس 
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Abstract
Introduction:
Topographical Maps represent special features of a plot of land’s surface; these features are cultural features1 or natural features such as heights, depths and contours of this plot of land.2 Also, Topographical lists are considered as a type of world maps. These lists consist of names of places, fortresses, foreign lands and people that are inscribed inside ovals in a representation of fortified cities.3
In this section, the researcher highlights this type of maps, by examining its depictions on different objects and scenes, which date from the Pre-Dynastic Period to the New Kingdom, as well as studying the Geographical achievements of Eratosthenes and Ptolemy in Egypt during the Graeco-Roman Period.
1-1 Display of Topographical Maps Scenes on Different Objects and Walls of the Temples from the Pre-Dynastic Period to the Ptolemaic Period
A- Scenes on Different Objects
Doc. 1 (pl.I)
References:
Shore, A., Egyptian Cartography, in Harley, J., Woodward, D., (Eds.) The History of Cartography, Vol.I: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient, and Medieval Europe and the Mediterranean, (Chicago, 1987), PP.117-129, fig.7.2 on p.118
Teeter, E., (Ed) Before the Pyramids the Origins of Egyptian Civilization, (USA, 2011), pp.177-181
1 Cultural features are the man-made features of a plot of land such as houses, huts, shrines and stelae.
2 Harrell, J., Cartography, in Redford, D., (Ed) The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Vol.I, (Oxford University Press, 2001), p.239
3 O‟Connor, D., from Topography to Cosmos: Ancient Egypt‟s Multiple Maps, inTalbert, R., (Ed) Ancient Perspectives Maps and their Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Rome, (Chicago and London, 2014), p.55
Barnard, H., Maps and Mapmaking in Ancient Egypt, in Selin, H., (Ed.) Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, (Springer, 2008), p.1273
Petrie, F., Prehistoric Egypt, Illustrated by Over 1,000 Objects in University College, London (London, 1920), pp.16-22, pI.XXI.
Type: The Earliest Topographical Representation of the Natural Elements on Naqada II Ceramic Vessel.4
Date: Gerzean Period (Naqada II), Pre-Dynastic Period 3700–3100 BCE
Owner: Not Given
Original Location: Provenance Unknown
Present Location: Petrie Museum of London’s University College
Description: (pl.I)
The topographical representations depicted on this ceramic vessel contain many natural elements, such as many channels of the Nile River with boats, and birds that are depicted above and below the Nile boats. There are also depictions of a desert with some pyramid-shaped hills, with representations of antelopes, flamingos and trees.5
Commentary:
4 The same design of this vessel is found on the pottery vessels Nos.CG 11569, CG 2083 in Egyptian Museum, and found on vessels Nos.E26240, E10782, E10762, E10759, E10581, E5189, E5234, E10758, E10759 in Oriental Institute Museum. See Petrie, F., Prehistoric Egypt, (London, 1920), pp.16-22, pIs.XIX-XXII, see also Teeter, E., (Ed) Before the Pyramids the Origins of Egyptian Civilization, (USA, 2011), pp.177-181
5 Shore, A., Egyptian Cartography, in Harley, J., Woodward, D., (Eds.) The History of Cartography, Vol.I, (Chicago, 1987), p.117
This ceramic vessel provides a good example of early maps, which contain a topographic design that represents the natural elements such as river, birds, trees and hills on it.6
Doc. 2 (pl.II)
References:
Barnard, H., Maps and Mapmaking in Ancient Egypt, in Selin, H., (Ed.) Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, (Springer, 2080), p.1273, fig.1 on p.1274
Petrie, F., British school of Egyptian archaeology, Vol.LXVI (A) Ceremonial slate palettes, corpus of Proto-Dynastic pottery, (London, 1953), pp.11-18, pls.25-26
Type: A Representation of a Walled City on the Obverse of Narmer‟s Palette, Greenish Siltstone Palette.
Date: 1st Dynasty, Old Kingdom, 3000 BCE
Owner: King Narmer
Original Location: Hierakonpolis
Present Location: Egyptian Museum (JE 32169 / CG 14716)
Description: (pl.II)
A palette of a shield shape, it is carved from both sides, its dimensions are 63 centimeters in height and 42 centimeters in width.
6 Barnard, H., Maps and Mapmaking in Ancient Egypt, in Selin, H., (Ed.) Encyclopedia of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, (Springer, 2080), p.1273
The obverse of this palette contains four registers. The uppermost one shows two heads of cows on both corners, between them a representation of a palace facade Serekh. The second register shows the king with his servant, scribe and four standard-bearers are coming from the deb building, which probably represents Edfu or a brick hall, then they are going to the great port. The lowermost register is the king represented as a bull breaking into a walled city.7
Commentary:
Although these three registers do not show traditional maps yet, they represent the reality of the geography during that time through the artist‟s perspective.8
Doc. 3 (pls.III.a-c)
References:
Harrell, J., Cartography, in Redford, D., (Ed) The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Vol.I, (Oxford University Press, 2001), PP.239-241
Harrell, J., Brown, V., The World’s Oldest Surviving Geological Map from Egypt: The 1150 Turin Papyrus from Egypt, Journal of Geology, Vol.100, No.1, pp.3-18 (University of Chicago Press, 1992).
Harrell, J., & Brown, V., The Oldest Surviving Topographical Map from Ancient Egypt (Turin Papyri 1879, 1899, and 1969). JARCE 29, (American Research Center in Egypt,1992), pp.81-105, fig.2 on p.83, fig.3 on p.84, fig.5 on p.98