الفهرس 
Embryology and Anatomy of the OrbitOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Head and neck trauma contributes significantly to mortality and
morbidity. Most of these injuries are caused by road traffic accidents.
Other causes include personal violence, falls, sport injuries and industrial
injuries.
The orbits are paired bony structures in the midface separated in the
midline by the interorbital space. They are limited above by the floor of
the anterior cranial fossa and below by the maxillary sinuses.
Orbital fractures may occur as isolated fractures or in association
with fractures of the maxilla, zygoma, nasoorbital or frontoethmoidal areas
.Fractures of the orbital floor are common and the majority of these being
the orbital floor fractures. Orbital blowout fractures are classified into pure
blowout fractures and impure blowout fractures. Impure blowout fractures
are accompanied with fracture of the adjacent facial bones including the
thick orbital rim.
All patients with orbital fractures require ophthalmologic
examination and radiological evaluation. Visual acuity must be
documented. Pupil reactivity, eye mobility, visual field, intraocular
pressure, and fundus examination are essential components of the
evaluation. Loss of sensation in the cheek, the ala of the nose and the
upper lip is suggestive of a blowout fracture involving the infraorbital
canal or groove in the floor of the orbit. Normal infraorbital nerve
conduction implies that the fracture site is lateral or medial to the
infraorbital canal. Diplopia and cosmetically unacceptable enophthalmos
are the major complications of blowout fractures.
A number of methods have been advocated for the treatment of
orbital floor fractures. The surgical approaches may be open, endoscopic
or combined.
The subperiosteal transorbital endoscopic approach for repair of
orbital floor fractures either early or late presented gives better magnified
visualization through minimal external incision avoiding the lower lid
incisions possible complication like ectropion and entropion and limited
soft tissue dissection but on the other hand, it requires good experience ,
good instrumentations and it is technically demanding, requires patient selection as it can not be used in severly destructed orbital skeleton cases which need wide exposure from the start.