الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
About 1.5 million neonates are exposed to anesthesia every year, and it is well proven that those patients are very fragile and prone to perioperative complications and life-threatening events.
Spinal anaesthesia (SA) is considered an adequate and appropriate regional anaesthetic technique for many different pediatric surgical procedures. SA has been promoted in both neonates and infants to prevent and/or minimize many risks of general anaesthesia (GA). Such risks include intra-operative haemodynamic instability, post-operative apnea and the possible long-term harmful effects of GA on the developing brain.
In developed nations, general anesthesia comes standard with surgeries for both children and infant patients, Newborns receive anesthesia for a diversity of reasons. Sometimes neonates need to undergo hernia repair or open chest surgery to fix congenital heart defects or pulmonary defects.