الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are commercially materials their dimensions are less than 100 nm within the range of (1 -100) nm. A great revolution happened in the industrial sector because of the electrical properties of nano-technology, nano-sized materials gained attraction in the field of IT and electronics, aerospace engineering and biotechnology. In the medicine field NPs are being considered as a novel delivery system for proteins, DNA, monoclonal antibodies and drugs. Pharmaceutical and products of personal care (i.e. cosmetics and sunscreen), plastics, water disinfection, ceramics, rubber, glass, lubricant, paints, pigments and foods contain nanoparticles. Till now from metals, non-metals, polymeric materials and bio ceramics NPs have been prepared. Humans since childhood are exposed to varieties of nano-scale materials, and the new coming out field of nanotechnology and their byproduct has become threat to human and environment. from emission sources nanoparticules release to aquatic environment by many routes for instance wastewater treatment, water purification and electro thermal plants cause toxic effect due to their penetration and accumulation in the aquatic organism’s bodies in addition to biotransformation, migration along food webs .Due to small size of NPs they can easily enter the human body, cross the biological barriers and may reach many organs .NPs of size less than 10 nm have been proposed to act similar to a gas , to enter human tissues and also may disrupt the normal cell biochemical environment .Humans and animals studies have shown that through oral exposure and after inhalation NPs are distributed to the brain, heart, spleen, and liver in addition to