الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 212 |  |  |
| | | from | 212 | | |
Abstract
By increasing the concern of multi drug resistant pathogenic microbes, the international regulatory organizations such as the CDC and WHO have declared that we will be forced to return “the pre-antibiotic era”; they make antic use worthless. It has been estimated that the annual mortality due to antibiotic resistant superbugs reached 23000 death costing the US economy $55 billion. While the United Kingdom governmental surveillance announced mortality rate equal 700,000 death with a total cost of $100 trillion. Unfortunately, it is predicted that the ratio will exceed 10 million death by the 2050s Bacterial identification and characterization were performed at phenotypic level and confirmatory by biochemical tests followed by molecular analysis and genetic diversity. The Molecular analysis indicated that only four strains were chosen from the 28 isolates due to their diversity; the isolates numbers were 2, 10, 16 and 23. The DNA for the distinctive isolates were isolated and used for the subsequent characterization. The phylogeny and taxonomical positions were confirmed using the 16S rRNA sequence. The in-vitro antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out for the four isolates indicated that they are multidrug resistant to β-lactams, fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides and chloramphenicol classes of antibiotics. Regarding the Quinolones/Fluoroquinolones group, two of the isolates were not susceptible and two (isolates 2 and 23) showed intermediate sensitivity. During this study, I isolated 28 phages from different environmental sources and their lytic activities were tested against the four P. mirabilis strains. Only two of the local phages (ZCPM1 and ZCPM2) showed lytic activities. The characterization of ZCPM1 and ZCPM2 phages indicated that they have a common ancestor, both are belong to Siphoviridae family of bacteriophages with genomic size 102327 bp. and 223309 bp. in double stranded circular DNA, respectively. Genomic annotation revealed that the GC content equal 38.33% for ZCPM1and " ~ " 40.42% and 40.17% for region 1 and region 2 in ZCPM2, respectively. Early genes for ZCPM1 and ZCPM2 for initial attachment and express regulatory functions for atypical lytic cycle. The high lytic activity was investigated via in-vitro bacterial challenge test also; they elevated the efficiency of phages when applied at high multiplicity of infection (100 PFU/CFU) to record a significant bacterial eradication throughout 10 min. Clinical trials are highly recommended for further investigation as a therapeutic agent under critical standards and strategies to convince regulatory authorities. The presumptive renewed therapy will have a significant impact on public health especially in the developing countries.