الفهرس 
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Abstract
Generally, saline water has the capability for scaling process due to the presence of
variety of sparingly soluble salts. Therefore, the scaling process is one of the major problems in
many industrial applications such as distillation, cooling, and heating of liquids. Normally, in
desalination systems when seawater heated, scales deposited on the heat exchanger tubes
forming a thick layer which causes a reduction of fresh water production, reduction of heat
exchange, blocking the tubes carrying water in addition to corrosion of the plant constituents.
Therefore, this work studied the effect of some nano natural materials on scale formation during
thermal desalination by distillation of seawater and organized into three chapters.
The first Chapter is a theoretical background that consists of the following topics:
1-The water shortage crisis in the world.
2-The water situation in Egypt.
3-Desalination as a promising tool to overcome water shortage crisis.
4-Types of thermally-driven desalination techniques.
5- The availability of water resources for desalination processes and the desalination in Egypt
6-Type of fouling problems included in the desalination plants and marine biofouling.
7-Chemical antiscalant and green antiscalant
8-Nanomaterial preparation
9- The literature survey on the previous works.