الفهرس 
شكر و تقديريوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Recently, a number of grave environmental problems have emerged; with the energy crisis on top of such problems due to the high energy consumption rates as well as the environmental impacts of energy production and consumption. Thus, came the need for energy reduction in different sectors, at all level, particularly the construction sector as the most energy consuming sector. Search started for new sources and creative ideas to eliminate this problem. Therefore, focus started to shift to reducing energy consumption and seeking to utilize renewable energy resources. New intellectual trends emerged such as sustainability, zero-energy buildings, green architecture, etc. The development of the sustainability concept caused another shift in the focus towards education, which plays an essential role in preparing the next generation for addressing this concept; a concept quite relied upon for facing future challenges in all fields. Hence, a school must be sustainable in its different aspects, to ensure sustainability of the school campus as well as curricula.
The General Authority of Educational Buildings in Egypt uses the same typical design models in different governorates without considering the variation in climatic conditions; as Egypt has 8 different climatic regions. Due to the changes in climatic and environmental conditions from one region to another within Egyptian territories, an important factor to be considered is the difference in forms, treatments, orientations, and architectural and applied solutions according to the climatic and environmental needs. Since the continuous increase in students numbers and the corresponding increase in need for suitable educational spaces increases the energy consumption burden and the need for educational buildings that achieve occupants’ thermal comfort while reducing environmental impact; there is an emphasis on studying variables that influence the environmental performance of a building, such as: design, energy, water, materials and resources, and the internal settings.
Passive design techniques maintain thermal comfort of building users via relying on natural elements, climatic conditions, and design to achieve the maximum benefit and reduce the need for using HVAC and lighting systems. These techniques include: using courtyards, thermal insulation, using natural ventilation and lighting, compact design and building orientation, vegetation, preparing different shading devices, etc.
The research aims to study the influence of changing courtyard ratios on the thermal performance in classrooms and the efficiency of energy consumption in one of New Assiut City schools. To achieve the aims the study consists of five chapters as follows:
Chapter One: The Introduction:
This chapter includes the introduction, the problem, the research questions, literature review, research aims, limits and hypothesis, as well as the research methodology.
Chapter Two: A theoretical background of the energy situation and school design in Egypt:
This chapter addresses the energy problem in Egypt through introducing a background on the energy situation in Egypt, statistics of energy consumption rates, the strategy adopted by the government for addressing the energy crisis, and the major usable renewable resources in Egypt. Also, energy consumption rates in the buildings sector in general, and school buildings in particular were stated; as well as the importance of adopting reducing energy consumption concepts with a particular focus on schools.
The second part of the chapter focuses on the concept of zero energy buildings as one of the trends for achieving sustainability and as a global trend for facing environmental problems and the energy crisis. The third part addresses the situation of schools in Egypt in quantitative terms, as well as the design reality, the criteria and requirements of school sites and buildings eligibility, and models of school buildings adopted in Egypt.
Chapter Three: Methods of reducing energy consumption in school buildings:
This chapter aims to study the concepts of reducing energy consumption in school buildings. Also, an explanation is introduced about the design guide adopted in the US for upgrading environmental efficiency and energy performance in schools, in addition to analyzing a number of previous trials of schools that had environmental awareness and attempts by designers to achieve energy efficiency in consumption. Methods and approaches used to that were studied and, then, such methods used were compared for identifying their effectiveness and influence on energy efficiency in consumption.
Chapter Four: Simulation as a tool for assessing building performance:
This chapter discusses the concepts of modelling and simulation, with their multiple steps and phases, as techniques used for eliminating different problems: engineering, mechanical, and civil interacting problems within a building; as well as predicting future environmental and thermal performance of the building, reducing glasshouse gases, and improving energy consumption rates. An overview is made for the most common simulation software, and the cons and pros of each one. Also, a comparison is made for aiding in selecting the software used herein.
Chapter Five: An applied study and simulation (New Assiut City Primary Education School)
This chapter includes the applied part of the study via simulation, after conduction a climatic analysis of New Assiut City, and a detailed analysis of the New Assiut City Primary Education School. This chapter aims to: study the influence of changing courtyard ratios, as one of the passive techniques used in a school in New Assiut City, on the efficiency of energy consumption and thermal performance in classrooms within that school via conducting simulation and analysis of the thermal performance and energy consumption rates for twenty different design alternatives of courtyard ratios within the school.
Conclusion:
This part presents a review of the major results and recommendations attained as follows:
a- Results:
• Energy reduction concepts represent a significant trend in supporting sustainability concepts through raising generations aware of different environmental causes and their corresponding impact of the world; so that these generation can take the flag of environmental protection and conservation against deterioration.
• Using passive design techniques, such as courtyardss, in primary education schools provides better thermal performance; reflecting positively on energy consumption efficiency.
• Building simulation is continuously used as a tool for the design, operation, and development of buildings to save costs of energy and facilities. Yet, there are still promising opportunities for researchers, software developers, and decision makers to maximize the value of using simulation in the design and operation of low-energy buildings and communities while maintaining user comfort and requirements.
• The less the width of courts and more height (deep courtyard), the more thermal performance increases in classrooms and less the energy consumption rates are in E shaped design primary education schools.
• Simulation can be used to produce equations for predicting Schools energy consumption rates in different regions.
b- Recommendations:
A number of recommendations were drawn, which focus on the parties responsible for the design and setting of primary education schools design criteria and basics. The concerned parties include: The General Authority of Educational Buildings, The Ministry of Education, and designing architects. These recommendations include:
• There is a need for ceasing the use of common design patterns of primary education schools without considering geographic location and different climatic regions.
• The research recommends applying passive and active design techniques; as well as using simulation for predicting thermal performance and energy performance; in designing primary education schools.
• The research recommends preparing a design guide for reducing energy consumption in primary education schools. This guide must take into account the passive and active design techniques, with a consideration for different climatic regions within Egypt. Equations need to be set for each climatic region to be used for predicting the reduction amount and consumption rates in E shaped design schools, before commencing execution.