الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The aim of the present investigation was to study the effect of glucagon like peptide -1 agonist on glycemic State, renal Functions and some hemodynamic parameters in diabetic male albino rats.
To achieve this aim 50 adult male albino rats were used. Rats were divided equally into five experimental groups: non-diabetic, diabetic non-treated, diabetic metformin-treated, diabetic exendine-4-treated & diabetic combined metformin and exendine-4-treated.
By the end of experimental period (7w) 24 hours urine samples were collected from each rat using metabolic cage and were analyzed for urine volume per minute, urine creatinine concentration and calculation of creatinine clearance. The systolic blood pressure was measured using rat tail plethesmography. Rats were then anaesthetized using thiopental sodium and abdominal wall was opened for exposure of renal artery for measurement of renal blood flow and renal resistance using bi-directional blood flow-meter with FFT-analysis. Fasting blood samples were taken from abdominal aorta for measuring fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, serum insulin, serum glucagon, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, total anti-oxidant capacity, serum MDA and TNF-α , then creatinine clearance was calculated.
In the present investigation, it was found that fasting serum glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), HOMA-IR index, serum glucagon, serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, serum TNF-α, MDA level, systolic blood pressure & renal blood flow were significantly higher, while serum insulin, creatinine clearance & renal resistance were significantly lower in diabetic non-treated group when compared to the corresponding values of non-diabetic group.
The diabetic metformin-treated group revealed statistical significant reduction of fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), HOMA-IR index, serum creatinine, BUN, TNF-α, MDA level, systolic blood pressure & renal resistance, insignificant change in serum insulin & glucagon level and statistical significant elevation of total anti-oxidant capacity & renal blood flow when compared to the corresponding values of diabetic non-treated group.
Diabetic exendine-4-treated group revealed statistically significant decrease in fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), HOMA-IR index, serum glucagon, serum creatinine, BUN, serum TNF-α , MDA level, systolic blood pressure & renal resistance while total anti-oxidant capacity , creatinine clearance & renal blood flow were significantly higher when compared to the corresponding values of diabetic non-treated group.
Upon comparing the results of diabetic exendine-4-treated group to that of diabetic metformin-treated group it can be seen that the fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), HOMA-IR index, serum glucagon, serum creatinine, BUN, serum TNF-α , MDA level, systolic blood pressure & renal resistance were significantly lower, while serum insulin, total anti-oxidant capacity , creatinine clearance & renal blood flow were significantly higher when compared to the corresponding values of diabetic metformin-treated group.
Diabetic combined metformin & exendine-4-treated group showed significant decrease in the fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), HOMA-IR index, serum glucagon, serum creatinine, BUN, serum TNF-α , MDA level, systolic blood pressure & renal resistance & significant increase in serum insulin, total anti-oxidant capacity , creatinine clearance & renal blood flow when compared to the corresponding value of diabetic non-treated & diabetic metformin-treated groups.
Upon comparing the results of diabetic combined metformin & exendine-4-treated group to that of diabetic exendine-4-treated group it can be seen that the fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), HOMA-IR index, serum creatinine, BUN, serum TNF-α , MDA level, systolic blood pressure & renal resistance were significantly lower, total anti-oxidant capacity , creatinine clearance & renal blood flow were significantly higher, while there was an insignificant change in serum insulin & glucagon level when compared to the corresponding values of diabetic exendine-4-treated group. The improvement in all previously investigated parameters can be explained on the basis of combination of hypoglycemic effect of metformin in addition to the hypoglycemic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of exendine-4.