الفهرس 
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Abstract
The study was carried out at the experimental farm of faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, during the winter seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 respectively. The inheritance studies were carried out using diallel cross analysis among five cultivars of garden pea. The characters studied showed the existence of important genetic variation in all cases. Significant G.C.A. and S.C.A. effects for most the characters were observed, indicating the presence of additive and non-additive effects, while plant height, number of green pods per plant and total yield of green pods were mainly additive inheritance.
Lincoln (P1) and Victory Freezer (P3) were a good general combiner for green pod length, number of seeds per pod, weight of green pods per plant, total yield, total sugar and starch content. Also, Alaska (P2) was a good general combiner for early flowering. Dwarf Gray Sugar (P5) was a good general combiner for plant height, number of green pods per plant and protein content. Therefore, these parents could be used for breeding programs. For individual cross combination, the cross P1 x P4 showed a high performance for early flowering, while the cross P3 x P5 showed a high performance of large total green pod yield per plant, total yield and starch content. Also, the cross P2xP4 had the maximum S.C.A. effect for number of green pods per plant and protein content. The cross P1 x P3 showed a high performance of large total sugar percentage.
Finally, the genetical analysis demonstrated that much variation readily available for the plant breeder to manipulate.
For genetic relationships among pea varieties based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker. The results could be summarized as follow: 1- A total of 45 DNA fragments were amplified from the genotypes and 26 of them were polymorphic with percentage of 57.8%. 2- The two primers OPI-05 and OPY-05 revealed the greatest potential to distinguish polymorphic DNA segments can be recommended for future analysis of the pea genome using RAPD markers. 3- The OPY-06 and OPC-18 primers could be used to differentiate between the 5 tested pea varieties since each of these varieties displayed unique DNA pattern. 4- Most parental DNA bands were transferred to their F1 crosses while some hybrids produced more or less bands compared to both parents indicating the crossing between parents’ alleles and trait combinations from both the parents 5- Alaska (P2) and master B (P4) showed the lowest similarity revealing the maximum diversity from the rest of the varieties. Meanwhile, Victory Freezer (P3) and master B (P4) showed the highest similarity. 6- In the dendrogram, the highest relationship was observed between Victory Freezer (P3) and master B (P4) at 86.1% genetic similarity followed by Lincoln (P1) at 80.6% GS, Dwarf Gray Sugar (P5) at 69.8% GS and Alaska (P2) at branched-off 63.8% GS.