الفهرس 
Introduction
Aim of the studyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present study was carried out during the period from April 2017 to December 2019 in the department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University on treatment of experimentally albino mice infected with Trichinella spiralis by different treatments.The strain of Trichinella spirallisisolated from a naturally infected pig obtained from El-Bassatine Abattoir, Cairo. It was maintained by routine in vivo passages in BALB/c mice at the animal house of Assiut University under specific pathogen-free conditions.
Albendazoleare the principal anthelmintic drugs for Trichinellaspiralis treatment, but it has a high degree of resistance, and weak activity against encapsulated larvae. Furthermore, it contraindicated in pregnancy and children.Some recent studies suggest that there could be a good extent in finding some alternative drug compounds from nano-particlesand medicinal plants for an effective management of T. spiralis infection.
In the present study, different treatments (Silver nano particles, Silver nano particles prepared with myrrh, Crud extract of myrrh, Volatile oils of myrrh) were used for the first time against Trichinella spiralis and the doses that used are just of our trials. Our study carried out to ensure their activity against Trichinella spiralis.The main objective of the current study was to explore the effect of bio-synthesized AgNPs, using Myrrh extract as a reducing and capping agent, against Trichinella spiralis infected mice.
It has been reported that Myrrh extract has many components especially polysaccharide and saccharide that are responsible for the partial reduction of AgNO3 into colloidal AgNPs. Several measurements were carried out to confirm the formation of AgNPs as UV-vis Spectrophotometry of bio-synthesized AgNPs, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
We carried out two different studies (in vitro and in vivo study) on Trichinella spiralis. The in vitro study divided into three items, firstly the effect of different treatments on the morghology of Trichinella spiralis (ML). Our results showed that destruction of the cuticle of muscular larvaebysilver nano-particles prepared with myrrh, silver nano-particlesand albendazole was moreobvious followed by myrrh then volatile oil in the form of (loss of striation, multiple vesicles, pores, sloughing of some areas and blebs on the cuticle).
Secondly, we studied the effect of different treatment on the viability ofTrichinella (ML).Our results showed that all of the tested treatment had remarkable larvacidal effect on Trichinella (ML) except essential oils of myrrh. Silver nano particles, silver nano particles prepared with myrrh nearly have the same result which was similar to albendazole (total death occurred after 48h even at very low conc. 5, 10, 15, 20 μg/ml).Crud extract of myrrh and myrrh volatile oil had no effect on (ML) at low conc.(100, 300, 500, 700 μ/ml), while in case of highest concentrations(total death occurred bet. 72h. and 96h 3, 5, 7 mg/ml). There was significant difference between all conc. of different treatmentand control group (P<0.001).
The third item was to study the effectof different treatment on the infectivity ofTrichinella (ML).Silver nano particles, silver nano particles prepared with myrrh(nearly have the same result which was similar to albendazole (100% reduction in adult and larval stage) and higher than that of crud extract of myrrh and myrrh volatile oilat sub-lethal dose.There were significant differences between all conc. of different treatment and control groupP< 0.001except for that of 1mg/mlcrud extract of myrrh.
The in vivo study also divided into three items. Firstly, we studied the effect of different treatment on both intestinal and muscular phase on experimentally infected mice.Our study showedthat different treatments have potent effect against both intestinal and muscular. Silver nano particles caused adult reduction by (84.96%) and larval reduction (92.57%). Silver nano particles prepared with myrrhcaused adult reduction (82.51%)and larval reduction (93.5%). Crud extract of myrrhcaused adult reduction by(86.66%) andlarval reduction by (85.64%), but they higher than myrrh volatile oil, itcaused adult reduction by(78.14%)andlarval reduction(82.18%).Albendazole caused adult reduction by (80.31%)andlarval reduction by (89.1%).A significant decrease in the mean number of adult and larvae were obtained in all treated groups in relation to control group (p < 0.001).
The second item was to studythehistopathological effects,the muscular sections of diaphragm in different treatments except myrrh volatile oil, showed much fewer numbers of encysted larvae, degeneration of most encysted larvae with splitting and damage to their capsule combined with diffuse cellular infiltration which indicate its efficacy against (ML).While in case of myrrh volatile oil, there aremultiple encysted larvae of Trichinella spiralis. Theywere seen between the muscle fiber which showed degenerative changes with heavier inflammatory cellular infiltration surrounding them.
The third item was to studythe tissue distribution (toxicity) of silver nano particles after absorption in both phases(intestinal and muscular),the precipitation of silver nano particles was higher in liver, brain followed by lung, and intestine.Silver in low doses is generally considered as non-toxic.Previous studied showed thatno adverse effect was detected by using nAg of 30 mg/kg and the doses thatused in our study were less than this value by several times(40μg/ml).
Finally, our studies showed thatSilver nano particles, Silver nano particles prepared with myrrh, Crud extract of myrrh have potent effect against Trichinella spiralis both in vitro and in vivo followed by Volatile oils of myrrh.