الفهرس 
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Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the most common metabolic disorders in the world. One of its complications is diabetic nephropathy (DN). DN is a significant cause of chronic kidney disease and end stage renal failure. The aim of the current study was to explore and compare between the effects of VD and O3-FAs separately and combined together on FBG level, blood urea, serum creatinine, urinary protein, urinary level of nephrin, oxidative stress markers, and histological picture on an experimental model of DN induced by streptozotocin in rats.
The study was carried out on 50 male albino rats divided into five equal groups (n= 10 in each).
1- Normal control group
2- Diabetic control group
3- Vitamin D treated group (diabetic group received vitamin D)
4- Omega-3 treated group (diabetic group received omega-3 fatty acids)
5- Combined group (diabetic group received both vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids)
The following parameters were measured, body weight, fasting blood glucose, blood urea and creatinine, 24 hours urinary protein and urinary nephrin level. At the end of study (at the end of sixth week) kidney was weighed and tissue oxidative stress marker were measured in addition to histopathological examination.
The intraperitoneal injection of STZ significantly elevated FBG in diabetic group during the different study periods .FBG level was significantly lower in all treated groups in comparsion to diabetic one, the most significant decrease in FBG was seen in combined group.
In our study, in diabetic untreated group there was statistically significant increase in blood urea, serum creatinine, urinary protein and nephrin level, renal MDA level and kidney weight, with a significant decrease in body weight and renal GPX level. While there was significant decrease in the levels of parameters in VD, O3-FAs and combined group with significant increase in renal GPX and less decrease in body weight in VD, O3-FAs, combined treated group when compared to diabetic control group.
In addition, rats treated with both VD and O3-FAs had a normal kidney architecture and histology, while in rats receiving VD, some glomeruli appeared with limited changes. Some proximal and distal tubules appeared almost normal, while few others revealed limited degenerative changes. However in O3-FAs treated group limited histological improvement was noticed, where some glomeruli showed separation in between the capillaries, while some other glomeruli appeared with expanded mesangium, most of proximal & distal tubules revealed extensive cytoplasmic vacuolization of their lining cells, others appeared with extensive cell lysis & dark shrunken nuclei extruded into lumen of tubules.