الفهرس 
Anatomy and physiology of painOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Delivery by CS is becoming more frequent and is one the most
common operative procedures perform worldwide. Childbirth is an
emotional experience for a woman and her family. The mother needs to
bond with the new baby as early as possible and initiate early
breastfeeding, which helps to contract the uterus and accelerates the
process of uterine involution in the postpartum period. Any form of
intervention that leads to improvement in pain relief can positively impact
on early breastfeeding. Prompt and adequate postoperative pain relief is
therefore an important component of cesarean delivery.
Pain causes increase in the sympathetic response of body with
subsequent rise in heart rate, cardiac work and oxygen consumption.
Prolonged pain can reduce physical activity which leads to venous stasis
and an increased risk of deep vein thrombosis and subsequent pulmonary
embolism. In addition there can be wide spread effects on gut and urinary
tract motility which may lead to post-operative ileus, nausea, vomiting
and urinary retention. These problems are unpleasant for the patients and
may result in prolong hospital stay. Patients show variable threshold for
pain, however, 75% of surgical patients have severe postoperative
incisional pain. Pain relief may cause good psychological and physical
effect on patients, which could lead to better recovery from surgical
procedures and early mobilization of patients to prevent complications
deep vein thrombosis etc.
Postoperative pain after CS is usually managed with opioids. These
agents generally exert their analgesic effects through m-receptors in the
CNS, although there is evidence that opioids may also act at peripheral
opioid receptor realistically, the analgesic efficacy of opioids is typically