الفهرس 
Studies on the effect of Nanomaterials on some insect biologyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The nanoparticles (Ag, ZnO, SiO) were studied to explain the different biological effects on the house fly Musca domestica larvae (third instar) by feeding methods and dipping
method.in addition the replant activity of AgNPs were studied on house fly M. domestica adults. Finally, the observation of mating behavior of house fly adults whose resulted from
treated larvae under all mating possibilities.
A susceptibility strain of house fly Musca domestica was reared under the laboratory condition of 28±1°C and 60 ±10 % RH on artificial media prepared in the laboratory.
The Silver nanoparticles & Zinc Oxid nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical method in practical workshop in Nakaa Nanotechnology Network NNN Cairo, Egypt. While, the Silica nanoparticles were provided from Nano Tech.Egypt. in 2017 as white hydrophilic nanogranules range between 10-20 nm.
The characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was done by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-Visible spectroscopy.
The following criterions were studied for all the tested nanoparticles; larval mortality percentage, number of normal and abnormal pupae, number of pupae failed in development, inhibition of pupation percentage, numbers of normal and abnormal adults, the successful adult formation percentage, and the inhibition of the adult formation percentage.
Also, the matting efficiency was studied by the implementation of the following crosses: Treated female× Treated male, Treated female× Untreated male, Untreated female
× Treated male, Untreated female× Untreated male. The fecundity and fertility, which are the
number of eggs laid per female and the hatchability percentage, were recorded. Also, the dissection of male and female reproductive systems was achieved to inspection the case of the
system. Also, the effects of silver nanoparticles on pupal weight were calculated.
Finally, the scanning electron microscopy was carried out in the larvae resulted from the treated with Silica nanoparticles.
the important results were obtained as the following:
A- characterization of tested Nanoparticles:
The instrumentation such as TEM, SEM, UV-visible spectroscopy was used to reveal the morphology and size of nanoparticles. Sliver nanoparticles ((AgNPs) which was the seam
grain with rough ends and size ranged between 20-50 nm), (the shape was amorphous with sharp edges, 60-128 nm in Zinc oxide nanoparticles ZnONPs) and the characterization of bought Silica nanoparticles indicates that was approximately spherical with the dimeter between 20-60nm.
B- The different biological effects of nanoparticles.
1. Effects of sliver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on larval mortality, pupation and adult formation by feeding &dipping method.
Larval mortality percentages ranged from 60-11% after 24Hrs. from larval feeding at concentration 60,40,32,24,16 & 8 ppm and LC50 was 45.5 that percentages were increase to 82-48% after 48Hrs. After 72Hrs the larval mortality were reach 97.7% in highest concentration & 68 % at lowest concentration. while the inhibition of pupation percentages
was between 41- 80 % for the concentration 60,40,32,24,16 & 8 ppm. The inhibition of adult
formation percentages ranged between 75to 91%.
Also, the effects of Ag NPs on pupal weight for pupae which resulted from
treatment, the concentration 8 ppm was recorded the lowest decrease in the weight of treated
pupae (0.122μg) less than those of normal (0.183 μg).
2. Determination of repellant activity of AgNPs against house fly M. domestica adults.
The determination of repellant activity of AgNPs on house fly M. domestica adults by using double choice method was assayed to record the R% to these concentrations 100,60 ,40,
16 ppm after 24h and 48h. the R% were stable at the concentrations 40 &16 μg/ml, while the same concentrations scored 73,41,38 and 25% of repulsion (R %) rate after 48h. the (R%) was increase by the time of exposure.
3. The effects zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) on larval mortality, pupation and adult formation by feeding & dipping method. Larval mortality percentages were ranged between 86 to 13% for concentrations 2500,
1000, 500 and 100 ppm (LC50 was1155.7 ppm). These percentages were increased by the time which reach 96-40% at 48Hrs. and 100-66.6% after 72Hrs. The inhibition of pupation percentages was ranged between 60-100% and abnormal pupae and adults were recorded. The inhibition of the adult formation percentages was ranged from 100 to 60% for the tested concentrations. On the other hand, the larval mortality was ranged between 30-70% after 24Hrs. of treatment the larvae by dipping method, while the inhibition of pupation percentages was ranged between 33-66%. The inhibition of the adult formation percentages was ranged
from 11-50% for all previous concentrations.
4. The effect of Silica nanoparticles (SiO NPs) on the mortality of 3rd larval instar of M.
domestica feeding & dipping method.
Larval mortality percentages ranged from 90 to 30 % after 24h while, that ranged
between 100 to 86% after 48 for the tested concentrations of 1000 ,750, 500, 350, 250and 100
ppm. The obtained resulted illustrated that the concentration of 1000 ppm has high effect on
the larval mortality because it is displayed the 90 % mortality percentage after 24h & complete
larval mortality after 48h. the dipping method reached the 83% in larval mortality at the
highest concentrate and 33% in lowest one. that percentages were decreased after 48 Hrs.it
was ranged between 76-30%. Also, the examination of treated larval cuticle showed the silica
nanoparticles were attach to the cuticle and affected in different ways.
5. Mating behavior studies of house fly M. domestica.
The effects of nanomaterials (AgNPs & ZnO NPs) were studied deepened on the mating possibilities between treated female and treated male (TF×TM), treated female and untreated male (TF×UTM), and untreated female and treated male (UTF×TM). according to the concentrations of each tested nanoparticles.
Firstly, when we notice the mating occurring in all mating possibilities between male & female which resulted from third instar larvae of M. domestica which treated with AgNPs by feeding method. There was no mating occurred, that result was proved by the examination of outer genitalia and inner reproductive system which was severely affected by Ag NPs. But the adults whose resulted from treated third instar larvae by ZnO NPs feeding and dipping.