الفهرس 
Review of literatureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 158 |  |  |
| | | from | 158 | | |
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (trematode worms) of the genus Schistosoma. Estimates show that at least 206.4 million people required preventive treatment in 2016. Preventive treatment, which should be repeated over a number of years, will reduce and prevent morbidity. Schistosomiasis transmission has been reported from 78 countries. However, preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis, where people and communities are targeted for large-scale treatment, is only required in 52 endemic countries with moderate-to-high transmission.
People become infected when larval forms of the parasite – released by freshwater snails – penetrate the skin during contact with infested water.Transmission occurs when people suffering from schistosomiasis contaminate fresh water sources with their excreta containing parasite eggs, which hatch in water.
In the body, the larvae develop into adult schistosomes. Adult worms live in the blood vessels where the females release eggs. Some of the eggs are passed out of the body in the faeces or urine to continue the parasite‘s lifecycle. Others become trapped in body tissues, causing immune reactions and progressive damage to organs.
Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. It is estimated that at least 91.4% of those requiring treatment for schistosomiasis live in Africa.
Schistosomiasis mostly affects poor and rural communities, particularly agricultural and fishing populations. Women doing domestic chores in infested water, such as washing clothes, are also at to urban areas and population movements are introducing the disease to new areas. Increasing population size and the corresponding needs for power and water often result in development schemes, and environmental modifications facilitate transmission.
With the rise in eco-tourism and travel ―off the beaten track‖, increasing numbers of tourists are contracting schistosomiasis. At times, tourists present severe acute infection and unusual problems including paralysis.
Urogenital schistosomiasis is also considered to be a risk factor for HIV infection, especially in women.
This study is designed to evaluate the prevalence of pediatric Schistosomiasis among school children in Menoufia governorate Ashmoun district to determine the magnitude of the problem for prevention and control programs.
The study group consisted of one thousand children at school age (6-15 y) selected randomly from five primary schools and five preparatory schools in the study area (Ashmoun district).
All children will be subjected to the following:
History taking
General examination
Investigation : urine and stool examination.
Samples were collected from the pupils by giving each one two clean and dry screw capped containers. Collection of the samples included information about name, age and sex.
Examination of the smples: All samples were examined immediately for Schistosoma eggs using Kato-Katz method .
The prevalence of schistosomiasis among children in Menoufia governorate, Ashmoun district is 0% which is lower than the percentage of ministry of health and population (MOHP) in Egypt.
We recommend a yearly surveillance for schistosomiasis between school children and using of preventive chemotherapy following vertical approach, additionally school children should bring along their non school enrolled siblings, and so all children of this age group are being treated. It will be helpful to introduce new methods of diagnosis during the survillence other than urine and stool examination as immunodiagnosis and PCR as they are more sensitive in elimination .