الفهرس 
The breast shape and locationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women
world wide., the most important risk factors of breast cancer are genetic
predisposition, low parity, exposure to estrogens whether endogenous or
exogenous, ionizing radiation, and increased breast density. Also the
unhealthy diets , obesity all contribute to the rising incidence of breast
cancer.
Currently there is a global tendency to breast conservative surgery in
the newly diagnosed cancers. However, in some patients, mastectomy is
still performed. The treatment choice depends on many factors including
tumor size relative to breast size, tumor multicentricity/ multifocality,
inability to achieve negative surgical margins after multiple resections, or
patient choice.
Up to date breast cancer screening and primary diagnosis is done using
digital mammography (DM). However, DM can miss up to 15-30% of all
cancers,. In DM the normal breast tissue overlap can obscure cancer or
create a false negative impression of cancer. This applies especially to
dense breasts in child bearing period .
Recently several advances in breast imaging have emerged, including
contrast enhanced digital mammography (CEDM), and three dimensional
ultrasound (3D US). Although not widely implemented as DM and hand
held 2D US (HHUS), these advances show promising results that warrant
extensive research.
This study was designed to compare the role of contrast enhanced
spectral mammography (CESM ) and 3D US in the differentiation of
breast lesions ,excluding presence of malignant tumors and detection of