الفهرس 
Introduction and Aims of the studyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Dental erosion became prevalent among societies in the whole world, mainly in young people. It is determined as chemical dissolution of dental enamel and dentine by intrinsic or extrinsic acids.
Dental erosion is considered a significant problem across the world. The role of dental erosion in tooth wear gained great interest since the mid- 1990s.
The process of enamel demineralization starts when the pH of the biofilm surrounding the tooth becomes lower than 5.5 by the action of the organic acids. These acids cause the release of calcium and phosphate ions forming the hydroxyapatite crystals from the enamel surface and subsurface into the acquired enamel pellicle creating a white spot lesion.
Demineralization can be caused by some extrinsic factors as the consumption of acidic foods and beverages, acidic fruit juices, low pH medicaments and exposure to acidic environments, such as chlorinated swimming pool water that has been frequently documented in case studies.
The process of demineralization is reversible if the acidogenic features of the biofilm are neutralized by removal of causative factors. Also, the buffering capacity of saliva has an important role in restoring a neutral pH at the surface of the tooth.
The enamel remineralization process begins when the pH of the biofilm is elevated to about 7.0. However, the result of repeated demineralization - remineralization processes can be a total loss of mineral from the enamel layer, leading to dissolution of the hard tissues.
Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
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The aim of this study was to compare the erosive effect of some environmental factors (pepsi, redbull, swimming pool water and aspirin chewable tablets) on human dental enamel of permanent molars.
A total of 60 human extracted molar teeth specimens were selected, 40 of them were divided randomly into four groups; group (Ⅰ), group (Ⅱ), group (Ⅲ), and group (Ⅳ) of 10 teeth each. Specimens of four groups were immersed in swimming pool water for 2 hours/day, redbull for 15 minutes/day, pepsi for 15 minutes/day, and aspirin solution for 5 minutes/day, respectively for 5 days. Specimens were evaluated fot their surface microhardness by using Vickers microhardness testing. The other 20 specimens were divided into five groups; group (Ⅰ), group (Ⅱ), group (Ⅲ), group (Ⅳ), and the control group (Ⅴ) of 4 teeth each. Specimens were evaluated for their surface quality by using SEM.
Results revealed that enamel surfaces in all groups showed a significant decrease in microhardness. Moreover, when comparing the four groups, results revealed that no statistical significant difference between them.
Micrographs of scanning electron microscope were consistent with results of surface microhardness. Micrographs of enamel specimens after being subjected to the different study solutions showed variable degrees of surface roughness and irregularities, with the most dramatic changes affecting enamel immersed in swimming pool water as it showed deepened enamel surface irregularities in the form of globular elevations and diffuse pitting. While, pepsi group, revealed enamel surface irregularities with obvious wide shallow depressions, redbull group showed relative surface roughness with multiple dispersed depressions, and aspirin group showed slightly roughened surface with limited depressed areas and surface scratching.
Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations
53
It was concluded that Acidic beverages such as pepsi drink, improperly chlorinated swimming pool water, redbull energy drink, and chewable aspirin tablets caused variable degrees of erosion of intact enamel surface of permanent teeth.
The study recommended that:
• Swimming pool managers should realize the importance of monitoring the pH and chemicals used to disinfect the pool water.
• Also, swimmers should be advised about the topical application of fluoride and other new remineralizing agents either through dentifrices or mouthwashes or by professionals.
• Knowledge should be provided about the ways to eliminate the damaging effects of acidic beverages on teeth, therefore, they should advised to:
✓ Use a straw for acidic beverages so, they bypass the teeth and don’t swish them around in their mouth.
✓ Rinse their mouth with water right after drinking acidic beverages.
• Health education programs to teachers, parents, and school children seem to be essential to prevent dental erosion among young childs.
• The dentist should advise the patient about the misuse of acidic medicine without physician prescription as these drugs are readily available on the shelf, and should instruct him about their highly erosive potential leading to tooth destruction.
• Further studies should be done to assess the erosive effect of improperly chlorinated swimming pool water by measuring the microhardness of dental enamel specimens everyday for five consecutive days.